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\begin{document}
\title{Resolutions 1963 -- 2013}
\author{Revision date}
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\section*{12\textsuperscript{th} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Merida, Mexico, August 2013}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{12$^{\bf th}$ IAGA Scientific Assembly, Merida, Mexico, August 2013}

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1 (2013): Paleo- and rock magnetic databases}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1 (2013): Paleo- and rock magnetic databases}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of large palaeomagnetic, rock magnetic and related data sets for addressing
problems in global geomagnetism, stratigraphy and tectonics,
{\bf noting}
the major effort that has gone into generating such databases 
{\bf appreciates}
the ongoing effort in maintaining and developing the databases by IAGA and MAGIC volunteers, and
{\bf urges}
the continuation, further development and updating of the databases.

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2 (2013): Magnetometer networks}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2 (2013): Magnetometer Networks}
IAGA, {\bf recognising}
the importance of global observations of magnetospheric and ionospheric phenomena by ground-based magnetometer networks,
and the contributions by the ``Ultra Large Terrestrial International Magnetometer Array (ULTIMA)'' consortium in
facilitating collaboration among ground-based magnetometer networks and in enabling observations on a global scale,
{\bf endorses}
the international coordination of ground-based magnetometer networks,
{\bf urges}
funding agencies to contribute to the continuing operation of  magnetometer networks, and
{\bf encourages}
other international organisations to support such efforts.

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3 (2013): Polar Cap (PC) index}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3 (2013): Polar Cap (PC) index}
IAGA, {\bf noting}
that polar cap magnetic activity is not yet described by existing IAGA geomagnetic indices,
{\bf considering}
that the Polar Cap (PC) index constitutes a quantitative estimate of geomagnetic activity at polar latitudes and
serves as a proxy for energy that enters into the magnetosphere during solar wind-magnetosphere coupling,
{\bf emphasising}
that the usefulness of such an index is dependent on having a continuous data series,
{\bf recognising}
that the PC index is derived in partnership between the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI, Russian Federation)
and the National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU, Denmark)
{\bf recommends}
use of the PC index by the international scientific community in its near-real time and definitive forms, and 
{\bf urges}
that all possible efforts be made to maintain continuous operation of all geomagnetic observatories contributing to the PC index.\\
\\
{\it [Note: Renewal of Resolution No.\,4 (1997) after a long-term dispute about the method to derive the PC index has been settled]}

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4 (2013): Visas for scientists to attend international conferences}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4 (2013): Visas for scientists to attend international conferences}
IAGA, {\bf noting with concern}
issues with transit visas for scientists travelling to participate in this Scientific Assembly
{\bf urges}
relevant authorities to facilitate transit for those travelling to international scientific events.

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5 (2013): Resolution of thanks}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5 (2013): Resolution of thanks}
IAGA, {\bf noting}
the successful scientific outcomes, organisation and excellent atmosphere of the IAGA Scientific Assembly in Merida, and
{\bf appreciating}
the enormous amount of work required to organise the meeting
{\bf expresses}
its deep gratitude to the members of the Local Organising Committee and the staff, led by Harald B\"ohnel,
for their hard work and unfailing courtesy, helpfulness, enthusiasm and energy,
which have made the Assembly a great success.


\section*{XXV IUGG General Assembly, Melbourne, July 2011}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{XXV IUGG General Assembly, Melbourne, July 2011}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/IAGAnews_48.pdf}{IAGA News, December 2011, No.\,48, p.5-6}.

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1 (2011): Magnetic satellite missions}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1 (2011): Magnetic satellite missions}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the value of continuity in magnetic satellite missions to increase our knowledge of Earth dynamics; 
{\bf noting} that no successor to ESA's Swarm mission yet exists; 
{\bf urges} the development of missions by national and international agencies to fill this void for the period 2016 onwards.


\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2 (2011): Free access to experimental facilities}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2 (2011): Free access to experimental facilities}
IAGA, {\bf considering}
the significance of experimental data necessary for understanding the magnetic field and magnetic properties of Earth and Earth-related materials; 
{\bf noting}
the increasing demands on technical performance of up-to-date experimental facilities, and associated cost increases; 
{\bf acknowledges}
the scientific value of open and free access to sophisticated experimental facilities offered by certain research institutions.

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3 (2011): Dst observatories}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3 (2011): Dst observatories}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the importance of the Dst index for various applications including geomagnetic field modeling,
space-weather and -climate studies and detection of local anomalous variations,
{\bf recognizing}
that the absolute accuracy of the data from the contributing observatories, Kakioka, Honolulu, San Juan,
Hermanus and Alibag, is essential,
{\bf recommends} that all agencies operating these geomagnetic observatories continue to support both
absolute and variation measurements to maintain the required level of accuracy.


\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4 (2011): De-classifying magnetic anomaly data}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4 (2011): De-classifying magnetic anomaly data}
IAGA, {\bf considering}
the importance of homogenous magnetic anomaly data coverage for global geological studies, 
{\bf urges} the owners of airborne and marine magnetic anomaly data sets, in particular from equatorial
areas and the southern hemisphere, to release them into the public domain as soon as possible. 

{\it Note: Resolution No.\,5 (1993): De-classifying magnetic survey data}


\section*{11\textsuperscript{th} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Sopron, Hungary, 2009}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{11$^{th}$ IAGA Scientific Assembly, Sopron, Hungary, 2009}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/IAGA_News_46.pdf}{IAGA News, December 2009, No.\,46, p. 4-6}.

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1 (2009): Software}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1 (2009): Software}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that
\begin{itemize}
  \item the Association has played a prominent role in data management through its 
  leadership  of  the  Electronic  Geophysical  Year,  and  that  IUGG  has  formed  a  new 
  organization to support data management, 
  \item nevertheless some other aspects of scientific research in the IAGA disciplines 
  are still hindered by the scarcity of software in the public domain, 
\end{itemize}

{\bf recognizing} that
\begin{itemize}
  \item despite increasing pressures on scientific budgets, there is a need to provide 
  support for research in developing countries and encourage new collaborations, 
  \item it is central to IAGA's charter to promote international science by encouraging 
  world-wide open access to the means for pursuing research, 
  \item the  necessary  means  include  scientific  software,  in  particular  for  modelling 
  and for simulating physical processes (where excellent examples exist already 
  in some areas of IAGA science), and for theoretical research,
\end{itemize}

{\bf resolves} to
\begin{itemize}
  \item through  the  URSI/IAGA  Joint  Working  Group  on  VLF/ELF  Remote  Sensing  of 
  the  Ionosphere  and Magnetosphere  (VERSIM), take an  initiative  similar  to those 
  already taken in data  management, aimed  at  making  software  for  data analysis, 
  modeling,  simulation  and  theoretical  research  more  freely  available  to  the 
  scientific community, 
  \item investigate 
  \begin{itemize}
    \item  the need for large-scale open-access software, 
    \item  how its development could be funded, 
  \end{itemize}
  \item for smaller items of software, create a public space on the IAGA website, where
  researchers can freely upload their code and download the code of their
  colleagues, and that this section of the website be also used as a portal by which
  larger items of software can be listed and described, and links to
  them provided.
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2 (2009): Radiation belt studies}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2 (2009): Radiation belt science}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that

\begin{itemize}
  \item multiple nations are currently expending significant efforts developing
  spacecraft missions and related programmes to study the energisation, transport
  and loss of radiation belt particles,
  \item the radiation belts represent a high priority scientific target at the forefront of
  IAGA interests,
  \item the effects of the radiation belts are a significant space weather operational
  concern for space-faring societies and nations,
  \item co-ordinated global scale multi-point measurements combined with theoretical
  modelling are required to reach science closure in resolving the dominant
  processes which control radiation belt dynamics,
\end{itemize}

{\bf resolves}

\begin{itemize}
  \item that member nations of IAGA co-operate and collaborate to the maximum
  extent possible in their aggressive pursuit of observational and modelling
  programs for radiation belt studies, and
  \item to assume a leading scientific role in international coordination in pursuit of
  radiation belt science through symposia, special sessions, and working group
  activities so that maximum benefits are derived from current, planned and
  future satellite missions and programs.
\end{itemize}


\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3 (2009): LANL energetic particle database}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3 (2009): LANL energetic particle flux database}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that

\begin{itemize}
  \item for more than 20 years the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has
  supported prompt public access to its data base of energetic particle flux
  observations by geostationary LANL spacecraft;
  \item this data base, together with ground measurements, has been widely used by
  the international scientific community in the studies of plasma dynamics in the
  ring current and radiation belts as well as for monitoring substorms;
  \item open access to this valuable data base was stopped in 2008,
\end{itemize}

and {\bf taking into account} that
\begin{itemize}
  \item these regular observations provide the best long-term homogeneous data base
  of energetic particle fluxes in the inner magnetosphere available to the
  scientific community; and
  \item scientific return of a number of current and forthcoming scientific campaigns
  and projects would be significantly enhanced by adding the LANL energetic
  particle observations,
\end{itemize}

{\bf expresses great concern} at this development and
{\bf resolves} to urge LANL to restore promptly public access by the scientific community to the
observations of energetic particle fluxes from geostationary LANL
spacecraft.

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4 (2009): Geomagnetic Observatories}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4 (2009): Magnetic Observatories}
IAGA, {\bf recognising}
\begin{itemize}
  \item the importance of long time series of high quality geomagnetic observatory
   observations in characterizing the geomagnetic field,
   \item the combination of a global geomagnetic observatory network and modern
    satellite missions in optimizing progress in geomagnetism science, including
    greater understanding of the 'Earth system' and more accurate mapping and
    prediction of geomagnetic field changes and space weather conditions,
\end{itemize}

{\bf notes} that many geomagnetic observatories continue to have uncertain futures, and
therefore {\bf urges} national agencies to ensure the continued operation of magnetic observatories during
the lifetime of the ESA Swarm satellite mission and beyond.

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5 (2009): Quasi-definitive magnetic observatory data}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5 (2009): Quasi-definitive magnetic observatory data}
IAGA, {\bf recognising}
the importance of prompt baseline-corrected observatory data for the production of
geomagnetic indices and geomagnetic models such as the IGRF,
{\bf noting}
that several individual users and groups of users, such as the Mission Advisory Group
of the upcoming ESA Swarm satellite mission, have expressed their interest in and
need for such data,
{\bf encourages}
magnetic observatories to produce baseline-corrected quasi-definitive data shortly
after their acquisition.


\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6 (2009): SC/SI/SSC determination}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6 (2009): SC/SI/SSC determination}
IAGA, {\bf recognising}
the importance of the list of storm sudden commencements (SSC), continuous since
1868, to the worldwide scientific community,
{\bf appreciating}
the efforts of the Ebro, Spain magnetic observatory in regularly maintaining and
circulating the up-to-date list of events,
{\bf noting}

\begin{itemize}
  \item that the definitions of storm commencements (SC), sudden impulses (SI), and
  SSC have changed over time, reflecting better understanding of physical
  processes and changes in instruments and working practices,
  \item that a new method, relying on quantitative criteria for SC/SI/SSC
  determination, has been proposed by the Ebro team and published by J. J. Curto, 
  T. Araki, and L. F. Alberca (Evolution of the concept of Sudden Storm
  Commencements and their operative identification, Earth Planets Space, 59, I-XII, 
  2007), and is to be described in a revised IAGA Guide for Geomagnetic Indices,
  \item that this method is well-defined and reproducible and that it produces data that
  are consistent with data produced using the existing method developed by P.N. Mayaud,
\end{itemize}

{\bf endorses}
the use of this new method as the basis for the future determination of SC/SI/SSC,
and
{\bf calls for} Ebro observatory to adopt the method in providing its list of published events.


\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7 (2009): Importance of metadata preservation}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7 (2009): Importance of metadata preservation}
IAGA, {\bf recognising}
the importance of metadata in supporting geophysical studies,
{\bf appreciates}
the support given by ICSU to recent efforts in the generation, preservation and
dissemination of metadata to ensure the future usability of these data for
interdisciplinary studies of the planet and its environment, and
{\bf urges}
that similar provision of metadata worldwide be supported by relevant agencies.


\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8 (2009): Resolution of thanks}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8 (2009): Resolution of thanks}
IAGA, {\bf noting}
the scientific success and excellent organisation of the IAGA Scientific Assembly in
Sopron, and,
{\bf appreciating} the enormous amount of work required to organise the meeting
{\bf expresses its deep gratitude} to the members of the Local Organising Committee, led by L\'{a}szl\'{o}
Szarka, for their unfailing courtesy, helpfulness, enthusiasm and energy, making the
Assembly such an outstanding success.


\section*{XXIV IUGG General Assembly, Perugia, July 2007}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{XXIV IUGG General Assembly, Perugia, July 2007}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaga_news_44_Dec07.pdf}{IAGA News, December 2007, No.\,44, p. 5}.

{\it IAGA approved resolutions, proposed to and accepted by IUGG in Perugia, July 2007}

\subsection*{Resolution (2007): Ionospheric monitoring satellite missions}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution (2007): Ionospheric monitoring satellite missions}
IUGG, {\bf noting} the ability of low Earth orbiting satellites to provide spatial and temporal
monitoring of the topside ionosphere and to define the near-Earth environment, and
{\bf recognizing} that an extended time series of satellite observations of magnetic/electric fields and of
plasmas in the Earth's ionosphere are crucial for a wide spectrum of geoscience and space science
studies, and
{\bf understanding} that the DEMETER mission will end in 2008,
{\bf welcomes} plans by several nations to launch ionospheric monitoring satellite missions, among
them the unique equatorial orbiting Italian Space Agency satellite ESPERIA.

\subsection*{Resolution (2007): eGY Resolution}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution (2007): eGY Resolution}
IUGG, {\bf noting} the ability of modern information and communications technologies to
revolutionise the science and management of data and information,\\
{\bf noting} the growing recognition of the need for, and the benefits of a science information
commons,\\
{\bf noting} that 2007-2008 is the 50-year anniversary of the International Geophysical Year,
which pioneered the concept of international cooperation and sharing of data and
information about the Earth for the common good,\\
{\bf encourages} scientists and their scientific bodies worldwide to use the occasion of the Electronic
Geophysical Year, 2007-2008 to undertake activities to improve data access, data preservation, data
discovery, data release, and education and outreach, to reduce the digital divide, and to sign the
eGY Declaration for an Earth and Space Science Information Commons.


\subsection*{Resolution (2007):  Declaration for an Earth and Space Science Information Commons}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution (2007):  Declaration for an Earth and Space Science Information Commons}
IUGG, {\bf recognising} the importance of long-time series of Earth's science data supporting
global change studies and the objectives of the International Years
{\bf appreciates} the support given by ICSU to recent efforts to rescue
valuable historical data, and,
{\bf urges} that similar rescue and data retrieval activities
be supported by relevant agencies.


\section*{10\textsuperscript{th} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Toulouse, July 2005}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{10\textsuperscript{th} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Toulouse, July 2005}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/IAGA_News_42_Dec05.pdf}{IAGA News, December 2005, No.\,42, p. 4-5}.

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1 (2005): Open access to scientific data}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1 (2005): Open access to scientific data}
IAGA, {\bf considering} 
the major effort that has gone into generating a vast amount of extremely diverse primary data, and, 
{\bf noting} that 
archiving and maintaining databases makes precious legacy data accessible for future generations 
through open, web-based interfaces 
{\bf commends}
initiatives to disclose these data by means of databases available to the scientific community and the 
general public, and, 
{\bf urges} 
relevant agencies to give high priority to such activities. 

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2 (2005): Data rescue}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2 (2005): Data rescue}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} 
the importance of long time series of geomagnetic data 
{\bf appreciates} 
the support given by ICSU to recent efforts to rescue valuable magnetograms, and,  
{\bf urges}  
that similar rescue and data retrieval activities be supported by relevant agencies. 

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3 (2005): International Decade of Geopotential Field Research: availability of data and models}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3 (2005): International Decade of Geopotential Field Research: availability of data and models}
IAGA, {\bf noting} 
the success of the International Decade of Geopotential-Field Research and the important 
contribution made by the European Space Agency, ESA, in deciding to launch the Swarm 
geomagnetic mission in 2009 as a continuation of the presently-operating magnetic survey satellites, 
and, 
{\bf considering}  
IUGG Resolution 1, passed in 1999, urging governmental and international agencies to sustain and 
improve national and international geodetic and geophysical monitoring systems, and promoting the 
free and unrestricted transfer of data, 
{\bf strongly {\bf encourages}}
space agencies, institutions and funding organisations to support initiatives to improve the availability 
of, and access to, science data and models in order to maximise the scientific return from these 
missions. 

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4 (2005): Continuity and rapid production of auroral electrojet indices}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4 (2005): Continuity and rapid production of auroral electrojet indices}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that 

\begin{itemize}
  \item scientific progress in understanding magnetospheric and ionospheric dynamics is adversely 
  affected by the unavailability of the definitive auroral electrojet indices for years beginning in 
  1995, and,
  \item the international community is anticipating active cooperation with NASA THEMIS mission
  which addresses physical processes monitored by these indices 
\end{itemize}

{\bf urges} 
\begin{itemize}
  \item relevant national funding agencies, research institutions and scientific investigators to invite 
  participation from the international science community to assist in 
  constructing recent auroral electrojet indices, and, 
  \item implementing a system to achieve timely production of the auroral electrojet indices, not later than 
  the start of NASA THEMIS mission prime phase (autumn 2006). 
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5 (2005): International Year initiatives celebrating the IGY}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5 (2005): International Year initiatives celebrating the IGY}
IAGA, {\bf noting} 
the success of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957/8 and the resultant dramatic 
advances in science relevant to IAGA, and, 
{\bf recognising}  
that IAGA has established the electronic Geophysical Year, which should lead to more open access 
to data, the development of virtual observatories, and digitised versions of analogue data, 
{\bf {\bf endorses}}
the other complementary international programmes celebrating the IGY: the International Year of 
Planet Earth (IYPE), the International Heliophysical Year (IHY), the International Polar Year (IPY), 
and Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES), and, 
{\bf urges} 
these related international programmes to work closely with IAGA and eGY to achieve the objectives 
of each programme. 

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6 (2005): Geomagnetic observations in Russia}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6 (2005): Geomagnetic observations in Russia}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} 

\begin{itemize}
  \item the importance of global coverage and timely delivery of magnetometer data for production of the 
  auroral electrojet indices, and, 
  \item the success of current Russia-Japan-US collaborative efforts to operate magnetometers at 
  Russian stations located in the auroral zone, and the associated near-real-time data transmission 
  system, 
\end{itemize}

{\bf endorses} this international collaboration \\
{\bf urges} funding agencies to provide adequate support for the collaboration, and, \\
{\bf encourages} other international organisations to support this effort. 

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7 (2005): Maintenance of ground-based observatories to support magnetospheric/ionospheric dynamics research}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7 (2005): Maintenance of ground-based observatories to support magnetospheric/ionospheric dynamics research}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that 

\begin{itemize}

  \item continued progress in basic magnetospheric/ionospheric physics research increasingly depends 
  on globally distributed ground-based observations of aurora, ionospheric parameters, and 
  magnetic fields,
  \item operating observatories is one of the most effective ways in which scientists in the developing 
  world can contribute significantly to the progress of basic science and thereby promote 
  international cooperation in basic geoscience research, and, 
\end{itemize}

{\bf noting} that modern technological infrastructures are adversely impacted by the space environment, particularly 
  during geomagnetic storms,

{\bf urges} 
\begin{itemize}
  \item national funding agencies to continue support for ground observatories providing data to 
  characterise the magnetosphere/ionosphere system,
  \item scientists and national funding agencies to promote and support cooperation in sharing data from 
  these observatories for open use by the international scientific community. 
\end{itemize}


\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8 (2005): Resolution of thanks}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8 (2005): Resolution of thanks}
IAGA, {\bf noting} 
the scientific success and excellent organisation of the IAGA/ICMA Scientific Assembly in Toulouse, 
and, 
{\bf {\bf appreciating}}
the enormous amount of work required to organise the meeting 
{\bf expresses}
its deep gratitude to the members of the Local Organising Committee, led by Michel Blanc and 
Roland Schlich, for their efforts to make the Assembly such an outstanding success. 

\section*{XXIII IUGG General Assembly, Sapporo, July 2003}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{XXIII IUGG General Assembly, Sapporo, July 2003}

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (2003): Cooperation and Sharing In Polar Geospace Research}
 \addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (2003): Cooperation and Sharing In Polar Geospace Research}
IAGA, {\bf noting} 

\begin{itemize}
  \item the achievements of the previous International Polar and Geophysical Years,  
  \item that the polar regions are ideal for remote sensing of the Geospace environment,
  \item that ICSU has endorsed a new International Polar Year programme, 
\end{itemize}

{\bf recognising} that 
\begin{itemize}
  \item global studies of Geospace require extensive networks of instruments in both hemispheres 
  to address key science problems as included in the SCAR ICESTAR initiative, 
  \item the northern hemisphere is well instrumented for Geospace research,  
  extensions are planned to the international SuperDARN HF radar network,  
  new technology is now available,  
  \item there will be excellent conjunctions between Antarctica and several satellites (e.g., THEMIS, 
  POLAR, and IMAGE),  
\end{itemize}

{\bf recommends}  
\begin{itemize}
  \item all agencies working in Antarctica coordinate measurements of magnetospheric and 
  ionospheric electrodynamics through the expansion and integration of instrument networks, 
  especially those including autonomous instruments such as the Antarctic International 
  Magnetometer NETwork (AIMNET), and 
  \item all countries cooperate to provide ready and free access to hardware, software, and all data 
  to maximise the value and success of international collaboration. 
\end{itemize}

 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (2003): 'International Year' and eGY initiatives}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (2003): International Year and eGY initiatives}
IAGA, {\bf noting} 

\begin{itemize}
  \item the achievements of the IGY in 1957 launched a dramatic advance in Geospace science 
  and understanding, 
  \item that several International Year concepts are under discussion, including the International 
  Heliophysical Year (IHY) and the International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE), 
  \item that the cutting edge science in IAGA depends on coordinated data characterising the 
  global solar and terrestrial systems, 
\end{itemize}

{\bf recognising} that it is central to IAGA's charter to promote international science by encouraging 
world-wide open access to real-time data, existing data bases, and digitised versions of analogue 
data,\\
{\bf endorses} the intent of CAWSES (Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System) and 
'International Year' activities, and\\
{\bf urges} that 

\begin{itemize}
  \item such activities be coordinated to maximise their collective effectiveness under an 
  overarching umbrella concept, and 
  \item data archival activities be emphasised under an electronic Geophysical Year (eGY) 
  initiative and maintained thereafter to promote world-wide electronic access to data. 
\end{itemize}

 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (2003): Radiation belt research and society}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (2003): Radiation belt research and society}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that 

\begin{itemize}
  \item we are approaching the 50\textsuperscript{th} anniversary of the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts, 
  \item the radiation belts continue to represent a major space weather hazard to humans and 
  human technology in near-Earth Space, 
  \item many scientific questions remain about how radiation belt particles are accelerated and 
  ultimately are lost, 
  \item several nations and agencies have spacecraft operating in Earth-orbit that can measure 
  radiation belt properties, 
\end{itemize}

{\bf urges} funding agencies of the world to continue to support investigation of physical processes, and 
the collection, analysis, and preservation of related data obtained via spacecraft in order to assure 
that models and forecasting tools continue to meet the demands of society. 

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (2003):  Magnetic repeat station surveys: cooperation and standardisation}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (2003):  Magnetic repeat station surveys: cooperation and standardisation}
IAGA, {\bf recognising}
the importance of data from magnetic repeat stations for modelling the 
geomagnetic field, {\bf noting} the success of the European initiative for standardising networks of repeat 
stations and achieving uniform station density and common repetition intervals, {\bf encourages} 
countries in all regions to undertake magnetic repeat station surveys and to cooperate with 
neighbouring countries in order to develop regional and international standardisation. 
  
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (2003):  Provision of data for geomagnetic indices}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (2003):  Provision of data for geomagnetic indices}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the increasing importance of providing "quick-look", provisional, and definitive 
IAGA geomagnetic indices to the worldwide scientific community, {\bf appreciating} the efforts of the 
contributing network of geomagnetic observatories and their funding agencies in supporting this 
activity, {\bf noting} that some geomagnetic observatories have difficulties in routinely providing timely 
data to the institutions that derive these indices, {\bf urges} contributing observatories and their funding 
agencies to continue producing high-quality and timely data on a routine basis. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (2003):  International Decade of Potential-Field Research}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (2003):  International Decade of Potential-Field Research}
IAGA, {\bf considering} IAGA Resolution No.1 passed in 1997 concerning
the declaration of the International Decade of Geopotential-Field
Research, and IUGG Resolution No.1 passed in 1999 concerning
Integrated Global Earth Monitoring Systems, {\bf thanks} the bodies
involved in launching and operating magnetic survey satellites
(including {\O}rsted, CHAMP, SAC-C, and FEDSAT) and  distributing their data to the worldwide scientific community,
and {\bf strongly encourages} all institutions and funding organisations to continue this work in order to
achieve a better understanding of the 
Earth's dynamical core, mantle, crust, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. 

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (2003):  Geomagnetic observations in Greenland}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (2003):  Geomagnetic observations in Greenland}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the importance of geomagnetic field monitoring in polar regions for modelling the 
internal sources as well as for studies of solar-terrestrial physics and related space weather 
phenomena, {\bf noting} the high value of long-running, high-quality geomagnetic observations in 
Greenland, {\bf acknowledges} the outstanding long-term efforts by the Danish Meteorological Institute, 
and {\bf encourages} that every effort be made to ensure that high-quality geomagnetic observations are 
maintained in Greenland in the future.
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (2003):  Developing countries in equatorial and low-latitude research}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (2003):  Developing countries in equatorial and low-latitude research}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the importance of atmospheric and ionospheric processes at equatorial and low 
latitudes in the context of global studies of Sun-Earth relationships, and {\bf recognising} that new 
observational facilities have become operational in many developing countries, {\bf recommends} that 
research using these facilities and ground-based, ocean-based, and space-based instruments be 
carried out in close collaboration with scientists in the developing countries so as to promote their 
participation and technology transfer. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (2003):  Ionosphere observations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (2003):  Ionosphere observations}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the importance of determining long-term trends in the ionosphere in order to 
reveal the impact of anthropogenic influences (mainly the greenhouse effect) on the upper 
atmosphere as a tool for early detection of global change in the Earth system, {\bf recognising} the 
primary role of long-term ionospheric measurements by the global ionosonde network (since the 
1950s) for long-term trend determination, {\bf emphasises} the importance of maintaining measurements 
by the global network of ionosondes, and {\bf urges} bodies running ground-based ionosonde 
measurements to continue conducting measurements on the internationally agreed regular basis and 
make the results available for international data exchange and to the system of World Data Centres. 

\section*{9\textsuperscript{th} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Hanoi, August 2001}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{9$^{\rm th }$ IAGA Scientific Assembly, Hanoi, August 2001}

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (2001):  International Decade of Geopotential Field}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (2001):  International Decade of Geopotential Field}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the efforts recently made by various national space agencies to acquire high-
precision global measurements of the Earth's magnetic field from space to initiate the present 
International Decade of Geopotential Field Research, {\bf welcoming} the resulting significant advances 
in our ability to model and understand the Earth's magnetic field and its time variations, and {\bf noting} 
the scientific value of continuing high-resolution geomagnetic measurements over the whole globe 
during this decade, {\bf urges} major space agencies to give high-precision mapping of the geomagnetic 
field in space and time a high scientific priority. 
  
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (2001):  Satellites and magnetic observatories}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (2001):  Satellites and magnetic observatories}
IAGA, {\bf welcoming} the recent success of satellites for mapping the Earth's magnetic field, 
{\bf recognising} that geomagnetic observatories provide essential ground-based support for satellite 
surveys, that satellite and observatories fulfil complementary roles, and that important scientific and 
technical application requirements can only be met by magnetic observatories, {\bf emphasises} that the 
importance of maintaining a global network of geomagnetic observatories is increased rather than 
diminished by the availability of satellite magnetic survey data. 
  
\subsection*{Resolution of thanks  (2001)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution of thanks  (2001)}
IAGA, {\bf welcoming} the outstanding success and superb organisation of the 1st IAGA-IASPEI Joint 
Scientific Assembly at Hanoi, and {\bf recognising} the enormous amount of work required to organise 
such as meeting, {\bf expresses} its deep gratitude to the Local Organisers for their tireless efforts to 
make the Assembly such an outstanding success. 

 
\section*{XXII IUGG General Assembly, Birmingham, August 1999}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{XXII IUGG General Assembly, Birmingham, August 1999}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_39_1999.pdf}{IAGA News, December 1999, No.\,39, p. 17-19}.
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1999):  IGY + 50 collaboration}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1999):  IGY + 50 collaboration}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the scientific success of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1957/8 and the 
long term benefits of the actions taken at that time, and {\bf recognising} that these benefits resulted from 
international co-operation and co-ordination, and {\bf noting} that many current scientific programmes are 
directed towards studies of the physics and dynamics of the solar-terrestrial and solar-planetary 
systems, {\bf recommends} that national and international agencies support efforts and initiatives to 
develop collaborative programmes in these areas during the period 2003-2008 to mark the 50th 
anniversary of the IGY and to act as a springboard for future research. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1999):  Magnetic observatories in Russia}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1999):  Magnetic observatories in Russia}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the efforts made by various agencies to install digital magnetometers in 
Russia at Dixon, Tixie Bay, and Cape Chelyuskin observatories and to rapidly transmit data for 
production of the AE index, but {\bf noting} the closure of Cape Wellen observatory in the eastern part 
of Siberia in 1996, {\bf urges} that action is taken to start suitable magnetic observations at Pebek or a 
nearby site as soon as possible.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1999):  Lunping Geomagnetic Observatory}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1999):  Lunping Geomagnetic Observatory}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that Lunping Geomagnetic Observatory in Taiwan, which achieved INTERMAGNET 
standards in 1995, is in danger of closure, and {\bf noting} the importance of the geomagnetic and 
sunspot number observations made in South-East Asia at Lunping, which have been made 
available to the scientific community through the World Data Centers since the early 1960's, 
{\bf requests} that the Academy located in Taipei (China/Taipei) urge the appropriate agency to 
continue to operate Lunping Observatory until an appropriate period of parallel observations has 
been completed. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1999):  Space weather monitoring}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1999):  Space weather monitoring}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of monitoring ionising radiation (EUV and soft X-ray) for 
investigating the physics of the upper atmosphere and for space weather forecasting, 
{\bf recommends} that support is given to the creation of a permanent space patrol for monitoring 
radiations. 

{\it [Note: a similar Resolution has been passed by COSPAR and URSI]} 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1999):  WIPO and free access to databases}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1999):  WIPO and free access to databases}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that legislative measures have been taken or presently are in preparation by its 
member countries to implement a sui generis right for the legal protection of databases, or to pass 
equivalent laws, and {\bf noting} that the World Intellectual Property Organisation is attempting to put 
forward an international treaty to protect the owners or the creators of databases, and 
{\bf recognising} the vital importance of securing free access to databases for the progress of 
scientific research and for the promotion of education in science, {\bf urges} National Committees to 
take the initiative in their respective countries to ensure free access to databases created for or by 
scientific activities and to advise, if necessary, appropriate authorities to take legislative action to 
ensure free access policies for scientific databases. 
 
 
\section*{8\textsuperscript{th} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Uppsala, August 1997}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{8\textsuperscript{th} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Uppsala, August 1997}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_37_1997.pdf}{IAGA News, December 1997, No.\,37, p.17-22}.
 
\subsection*{Resolution of thanks (1997):  (Resolutions Committee)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution of thanks (1997):  (Resolutions Committee)}
IAGA, {\bf welcoming} the great success and superb organisation of its 8th Scientific Assembly at 
Uppsala, and {\bf recognising} the enormous amount of work required to organise such a meeting, 
expresses its deep gratitude to the Local Organisers for their tireless efforts to make the Assembly 
such an outstanding success. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1997):  International Decade for Geopotential Field Research (Division V)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1997):  International Decade for Geopotential Field Research (Division V)}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the ability of satellites to provide unparalleled spatial and temporal coverage of 
observations of the Earth's magnetic and gravity fields, and {\bf recognising} the revolutionary 
contribution that an extended time-series of such observations would make to a wide spectrum of 
geoscientific and space science studies, and {\bf welcoming} the present plans by several nations to 
launch potential-field satellites within the next 5 years, {\bf considers} that now is a favourable time for an 
international effort to promote and coordinate satellite surveys to achieve, for the first time, 
continuous monitoring of geopotential field variability in the near-Earth environment, and 
{\bf recommends} that an International Decade for Geopotential-Field Research be declared to provide 
an international focus for such efforts. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1997):  Polar gravity and magnetics (Divisions IV and V)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1997):  Polar gravity and magnetics (Divisions IV and V)}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of obtaining world-wide coverage of gravity and magnetic data, 
and {\bf recognising} the technical difficulties of routing satellites over regions close to the geographic 
poles, {\bf urges} the community to consider using conventional land, marine, and airborne methods for 
completing gravity and magnetic anomaly coverage in polar regions. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1997):  Magnetic anomaly data (Division V)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1997):  Magnetic anomaly data (Division V)}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the importance of magnetic anomaly mapping for global geological and tectonic 
interpretation, and {\bf noting} the existence of numerous sets of low-level airborne and marine magnetic 
anomaly data and the rapid progress being made in retaining and compiling existing data, {\bf regrets} 
that many data sets remain classified or confidential, even after they have outlived the original 
purpose of acquisition, and {\bf urges} the custodians of such data sets to release them (or non-sensitive 
versions of them) into the public domain as soon as possible. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1997):  PC Index (Divisions III and V)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1997):  PC Index (Divisions III and V)}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the effectiveness of the Polar Cap (PC) geomagnetic activity index for prompt 
 characterisation of the magnetosphere, and {\bf recognising} the great contribution of the Arctic and 
Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) and Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) in producing and 
testing the preliminary PC index time series since 1977, emphasises that the usefulness of such an 
index is dependent on having a continuous data series and {\bf urges} that all possible effort be made to 
maintain continuous operation of the stations contributing to this index, and to provide the PC-index to 
the international scientific community in near-real time via satellite data links. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1997):  Naming of indices (Division V)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1997):  Naming of indices (Division V)}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the value of preserving the uniqueness of the official IAGA indices, and {\bf noting}
that estimated values of these indices produced by independent agencies for operational use are 
becoming confused with the official indices, {\bf urges} the producers of the estimated indices to clearly 
label them with ``est'' at the end of each index name to distinguish them from the official IAGA indices. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1997):  Indices thanks (Division V)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1997):  Indices thanks (Division V)}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of geomagnetic activity indices for characterisation and prediction 
of a wide range of geomagnetic phenomena, and {\bf noting} the particular value of long time-series of 
such indices, {\bf thanks} the staff of observing stations that contribute data, the organisations that 
produce, disseminate, and publish indices and the national funding agencies that support these 
activities. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1997):  Revisiting early palaeomagnetism sites (Division I)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1997):  Revisiting early palaeomagnetism sites (Division I)}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the valuable contribution of early palaeomagnetic studies of lavas for describing 
the palaeosecular variation of the geomagnetic field and the present need for high-quality data of this 
type for understanding time-averaged field behaviour in the Earth's core, and {\bf noting} that early 
palaeomagnetic studies used methods that have since been superseded, {\bf recommends} that attention 
be given to repeating early studies on important sections using modern methods. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1997):  Ebre, SSC and SFE support (Division II)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1997):  Ebre, SSC and SFE support (Division II)}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the outstanding contribution of the Ebre Observatory in providing long time series 
of data on geomagnetism, ionospheric physics, seismology, meteorology, and solar activity, and the 
ever-increasing need for continuing these long series of data for present and future studies such as 
those related to Global Change, and {\bf noting} that, in accordance
with IAGA Resolution no 6 at the
IUGG General Assembly 1975, Ebre Observatory is responsible for the collection and preparation of 
ssc and sfe data for publication in IAGA Bulletin No.\,32, {\bf expresses} deep appreciation for the work 
performed by the Observatory, and {\bf recommends} that every possible effort be made to continue 
operation of Ebre Observatory and production of ssc and sfe data. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1997):  Preservation of historical materials   (IDC History)}
 \addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1997):  Preservation of historical materials   (IDC History)}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the scientific value and cultural interest in the history of geomagnetism and 
aeronomy, and {\bf being concerned} about the risk of documents, instruments, and equipment of 
historical significance becoming lost or discarded, {\bf urges} that institutions, laboratories, and individuals 
in possession of historically important materials make every effort to identify and conserve such 
materials. 
 
 
\section*{XXI IUGG General Assembly, Boulder, USA, 1995}
 \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{XXI IUGG General Assembly, Boulder, USA, 1995}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_34_1995.pdf}{IAGA News, December 1995, No.\,34}.
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1995):  Low-latitude research programs}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1995):  Low-latitude research programs}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the success of observations made during the IEEY (International Equatorial 
Electrojet Year) project, 1991-1994, with the collaboration of member countries and support from 
ORSTOM, CEA, CETP, CNET/Telecom, French Ministry of Cooperation, University of Abidjan, 
PAIGH, and others, and {\bf noting} IEEY's direct contribution to the basic understanding of 
electrodynamics in the Earth's environmental space, {\bf urges} that related geomagnetic and aeronomic 
research programs be maintained or extended at low-latitude sites in the coming decades, with the 
continued support from member countries and sponsors concerned. 
 
{\it [CEA = Atomic Energy Commission; CETP = Center for Terrestrial and Planetary Environments; 
CNET =  National Center for Telecommunications Study; ORSTOM = French Institute for the 
Development of Cooperation in Scientific Research; PAIGH = Pan-American Institute of Geography 
and History.]}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1995):  Solar-cycle variation of the middle atmosphere}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1995):  Solar-cycle variation of the middle atmosphere}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the fundamental need for better understanding of the solar-cycle variation of the 
middle atmosphere for accurate estimation of anthropogenic changes, {\bf recommends} that an 
increased commitment be made by national and international agencies to support an enhanced level 
of research into this problem. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1995):  International database for rock magnetism}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1995):  International database for rock magnetism}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that rock magnetic property data provide an essential framework for 
palaeomagnetic research and for the interpretation of crustal magnetic studies, and {\bf noting} that 
existing accumulations of data are large, diverse, and dispersed, {\bf urges} the establishment of an 
international database for rock magnetism. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1995):  Digital magnetic anomaly map and database}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1995):  Digital magnetic anomaly map and database}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the rapid progress currently being made in retrieving and compiling existing low-level 
airborne and marine magnetic anomaly data over large continental and oceanic areas, and 
{\bf noting} the importance of magnetic anomaly data for geological and tectonic mapping of the Earth's 
crust, {\bf urges} the compilation and publication of a digital magnetic anomaly map and database of the 
entire world (land and sea). 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1995):  Field-survey work and production of new charts}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1995):  Field-survey work and production of new charts}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of field-surveys and charts for describing the surface magnetic 
filed of the Earth, and {\bf noting} that charts should be updated at least every 10\,year to take into 
account the secular change of the geomagnetic field, {\bf encourages} the relevant agencies from 
different countries to continue to support field-survey work and the production of new charts for epoch 
2000\,AD. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1995): Dst and AE indices}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1995): Dst and AE indices}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the need for the AE and Dst Indices by the international scientific community for studies 
of solar-terrestrial physics, and {\bf recognising} the great contribution of World Data Center C2 for 
Geomagnetism, Kyoto in producing the Dst and AE Indices, {\bf expresses} deep appreciation for the 
work performed by this Data Center in producing the AE and Dst Indices, and {\bf urges} that priority be 
given to deriving a near-real time AE Index by accelerating the acquisition of Russian geomagnetic 
data through transmission by satellite. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7   (1995):  Geomagnetic observation in Russia for the AE indices}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7   (1995):  Geomagnetic observation in Russia for the AE indices}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the importance of data from the four Russian geomagnetic observatories, Dixon, Tixie 
Bay, Cape Chelyuskin, and Cape Wellen, in the derivation of the AE Index, which plays an important 
role in investigations of the solar-terrestrial environment, and {\bf recognising} that the present delay in 
the derivation of the AE Index is caused by difficulties of digitisation of analogue data and the lack of 
rapid transmission of the Russian data, {\bf urges} that priority be given to deriving a near-real time AE 
Index by accelerating the responsible Russian agencies and related organisations overseas to 
cooperate in the maintenance of the four observatories, installation of digital magnetometers at those 
observatories, and improvement of transmission. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8   (1995):  Continuous operation of geomagnetic observatories}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8   (1995):  Continuous operation of geomagnetic observatories}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the central role of geomagnetic observatory data in the study and applications of 
all geomagnetic phenomena, and {\bf noting} the great value of long, continuous runs of observatory 
data, {\bf thanks} the individuals, host institutions, and national funding agencies whose commitments 
contribute to the continuing operation of geomagnetic observatories worldwide, and {\bf encourages} them 
to maintain their efforts. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9   (1995):  Ocean-bottom magnetic observations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9   (1995):  Ocean-bottom magnetic observations}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the need to improve secular variation modelling by the addition of ocean-bottom 
magnetic observatories to obtain a balanced global coverage, and {\bf noting} the high cost and long time 
needed to develop an ocean-bottom magnetic observatory prototype, {\bf urges} support of research 
programs aimed at the design, deployment, and running of ocean-bottom magnetic observatories. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.10  (1995):  Measurements and estimation of the IMF}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.10  (1995):  Measurements and estimation of the IMF}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the considerable interest in the effects of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) on the 
geomagnetic field, and {\bf noting} recent advances in measurement and data transfer in near-real time, 
{\bf encourages} interested institutes to continue their work in the development of indices and similar 
parameters to describe IMF structure using ground-based and satellite measurements. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.11 (1995):  High-accuracy geomagnetic survey satellites}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.11 (1995):  High-accuracy geomagnetic survey satellites}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that 15 years have passed since the last high-accuracy vector geomagnetic survey 
from low-Earth orbit, and {\bf recognising} that continued accurate measurements of the geomagnetic 
field and its variations with time are crucial for our understanding of the Earth, {\bf urges} the support of 
on-going missions and the initiation of new efforts to construct satellites capable of measuring 
accurately the vector geomagnetic field. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.12 (1995):  Support for data centres}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.12 (1995):  Support for data centres}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the explosive increase in the amount of data in geomagnetism and solar-terrestrial 
physics, and {\bf recognising} the fundamental importance of the construction of accessible databases, 
{\bf urges} further support for data centres to acquire the facilities and personnel necessary for efficient 
data exchange in this new situation. 
 
 
\section*{7\textsuperscript{th} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1993}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{7\textsuperscript{th} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1993}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_32_1993.pdf}{IAGA News, December 1993, No.\,32}.
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1993):  Global database for palaeo- and archaeomagnetism  (Division I)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1993):  Global database for palaeo- and archaeomagnetism  (Division I)}
The IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of large palaeomagnetic and related data sets for addressing 
problems in global geomagnetism, stratigraphy and tectonics, {\bf noting} the large investment of 
research funds in data acquisition, {\bf recommends} that high priority be given to establishment, 
accessibility and maintenance of global databases for palaeomagnetism, archaeomagnetism and 
rock magnetism. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1993):  AGONET Data Analysis Facility  (Division II and  III)}
 \addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1993):  AGONET Data Analysis Facility  (Division II and  III)}
The IAGA, welcomes the plan for Italy to host and fund a data analysis facility in Frascati for the 
Antarctic Geospace Observatory Network (AGONET), and {\bf urges} national Antarctica expeditions and 
interested scientists within the Antarctica community to support the AGONET Data Analysis Facility 
 (ADAP) by providing data sets to it and by participating in its activities. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1993):  ULYSSES extended mission  (Division IV)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1993):  ULYSSES extended mission  (Division IV)}
The IAGA, {\bf noting} that contributions of the ULYSSES mission beyond its preliminary phase will 
provide unique scientific information, including observations of the Sun's polar regions during the next 
solar maximum, and {\bf recognises} that these scientific contributions would be greatly enhanced by the 
availability of simultaneous solar observations by newer missions, especially CORONAS and SOHO, 
{\bf urges} space agencies to provide support for the ULYSSES Extended Mission. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1993):  Magnetic anomaly map of Antarctica (Division V)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1993):  Magnetic anomaly map of Antarctica (Division V)}
The IAGA, {\bf noting} the international interest in Antarctica geology because of Antarctica's central 
position in Gondwanaland, resulting in a large number of geophysical surveys in Antarctica, and 
{\bf noting} the success of collaborative efforts in making a map and digital database of magnetic 
anomalies for the Arctic region, {\bf recommends} that all countries carrying out research in Antarctica of 
relevance to geomagnetism cooperate with the IAGA Working Group V.9 subcommittee on magnetic 
anomalies of the polar regions for the production of a database for a magnetic anomaly map of 
Antarctica and its surrounding oceans. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1993):  De-classifying  magnetic survey data (Division V)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1993):  De-classifying  magnetic survey data (Division V)}
The IAGA, {\bf noting} that many magnetic surveys that have been carried out by both military and civilian 
authorities, {\bf urges} that all institutions holding classified magnetic data consider de-classifying those 
data that may contribute to international geoscientific research. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1993):  Providing resources to magnetic observatories (Division V)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1993):  Providing resources to magnetic observatories (Division V)}
The IAGA, {\bf noting} the contribution made by magnetic observatories to long-term environmental 
monitoring, to fundamental research and to ground-based and satellite surveys and experiments, and 
{\bf noting} also the extensive commercial and governmental use of geomagnetic models and indices 
derived from magnetic observatory data, {\bf urges} relevant organisations, agencies, and member 
countries, to provide the resources to maintain continuity of synoptic magnetic observations and to 
adopt modern digital instruments. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1993):  High-accuracy magnetic observation by satellites and observatory network (Division V)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1993):  High-accuracy magnetic observation by satellites and observatory network (Division V)}
The IAGA, {\bf noting} that a proper understanding of many aspects of the geomagnetic field requires 
continuous, high-accuracy, high-resolution long-term data of the type provided by the MAGSAT 
satellite of 1979/1980, supported by a well-distributed and modern geomagnetic observatory network, 
{\bf recommends} that all the relevant organisations, agencies and member countries provide all possible 
support to ensure that  (1) a continuous sequence of MAGSAT-quality vector-magnetic satellites, 
such as the proposed UNIMAG, OERSTED, GAMES and DMSP/POGS satellite series, is operated 
for at least the next solar cycle (22 years), and (2)  the current geomagnetic observatory network be 
maintained, and upgraded where necessary, and its coverage be extended into ocean areas. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1993):  International program covering the full solar cycle 23 (Division III)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1993):  International program covering the full solar cycle 23 (Division III)}
The IAGA, {\bf noting} that SCOSTEP is at present {\bf considering} future programs of international 
cooperation in solar-terrestrial physics, and {\bf noting} that previous programs have emphasised the 
study of intervals which are short compared with the eleven-year period of a solar cycle, 
{\bf recommends} that consideration should be given to an international program covering the full solar 
cycle 23. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1993):  Extension of the IEEY program (Commission for Developing Countries)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1993):  Extension of the IEEY program (Commission for Developing Countries)}
The IAGA, {\bf recognises} the efforts of various countries participating in the International Equatorial 
Electrojet Year (IEEY), and {\bf noting} the importance of installing further observational equipment in 
some remote stations, extends the IEEY program until the end of 1994, and {\bf recommends} that 
participating countries continue their support. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.10 (1993):  Thanks to the LOC  (IAGA)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.10 (1993):  Thanks to the LOC  (IAGA)}
The IAGA, having spent a profitable and enjoyable number of days in Assembly, {\bf noting} that there 
have been stimulating scientific sessions and responses by the delegates, {\bf thanks} the Local 
Organising Committee (Chairman: Juan F Vilas) for the unfailing courtesy, helpfulness, enthusiasm 
and energy that has given IAGA scientists a memorable Assembly. 
 
 
\section*{XX IUGG General Assembly, Vienna, 1991}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{XX IUGG General Assembly, Vienna, 1991}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_30_1991.pdf}{IAGA News, December 1991, No.\,30}.
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1991):  Global observation network and data exchange}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1991):  Global observation network and data exchange}
The IAGA, {\bf recognising} that global geophysical and geodetic studies are essential to understand the 
Earth system, and are urgently needed to elucidate many aspects of Global Change; {\bf recognising} 
that the Mission to Planet Earth is to be a joint mission, relying heavily on international cooperation, 
and that measurements made at the surface of the planet are an integral and essential part of this 
mission; {\bf noting} that 

\begin{enumerate}
  \item  technological advances have recently led to significant improvements in geodetic and 
  geophysical instrumentation and data acquisition systems, both on land and at the bottom of 
  the oceans, 
  \item  collection, analysis and international exchange of digital geodetic and geophysical data sets is 
  now possible on a global scale, 
  \item  scientists from IAGA and several other IUGG associations (IAG, IASPEI, IAPSO) are actively 
  deploying global geophysical and geodetic networks, such as IRS/GSN, GEOSCOPE, 
  INTERMAGNET, VLBI, IGS, 
  \item considerable economies of scale, and substantial scientific benefits can be derived from co-located 
  measurements using different techniques; 
\end{enumerate}

{\bf recommends} that relevant organisations, agencies and member countries 
\begin{enumerate}
  \item  should review the services under their control, as well as the deployment of global networks 
  supporting them, and should co-located as many of these instruments as is practical, provided 
  that the performance of all instruments is not compromised, 
  \item  should encourage the implementation of multi-disciplinary global digital data collection and 
  data information systems which should proceed in parallel with the deployment of instrument 
  networks, and 
  \item  should improve methods for rapid international exchange of global data sets. 
\end{enumerate}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1991):  Support to geomagnetic observatories facing problems}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1991):  Support to geomagnetic observatories facing problems}
IAGA {\bf emphasising} the importance of maintaining the global network of magnetic observatories as 
the primary basis for investigating geomagnetic phenomena and updating geomagnetic reference 
field information, {\bf noting} that many key observatories in developing countries have inadequate 
support and are facing imminent closure, and {\bf recognising} that organisations in the developed 
countries are the main users of observatory data world-wide, {\bf recommends} that those organisations 
in the developed countries that run magnetic observatory programs should each adopt one or more 
observatories facing problems and provide the necessary assistance and training to ensure 
continuing operation at a satisfactory standard, and that government funding agencies should 
consider this as a routine part of their international obligation to developing countries. 

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1991):  Ocean bottom installations using submarine cables}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1991):  Ocean bottom installations using submarine cables}
IAGA {\bf recognising} the importance of an observation network in the oceans, and the almost total lack 
of ocean bottom installations, and {\bf noting} that telephone companies will soon be retiring their 
submarine cables requests of these telephone companies that they keep these submarine cables 
open for scientific research, and {\bf urges} funding agencies to facilitate this action by providing financial 
support for the installation and operation of ocean-bottom observing systems that use these cables. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1991):  Continuity of Antarctic programs for ISTP/GGS period}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1991):  Continuity of Antarctic programs for ISTP/GGS period}
IAGA {\bf recognising} that the ISTP/GGS program will become operational in the 1992-1995 time frame 
with the expected launch of GEOTAIL, WIND and POLAR spacecraft, together with other major 
magnetospheric and atmospheric spacecraft missions such as UARS, INTERBALL, CLUSTER and 
APEX, {\bf urges} that nations conducting upper atmospheric and space physics research from Antarctica 
make every effort to ensure continuity of their programs during this period. \\
\\
{\it Explanation of acronyms provided by President Gendrin:} 
\begin{description}
  \item[\rm ISTP/GGS] Programme International Soleil-Terre/Satellite Global pour les Geosciences
  \item[\rm GEOTAIL] apanese satellite in ISTP for the study of the magnetospheric tail
  \item[\rm WIND] US satellite in the solar wind (ISTP/GGS)
  \item[\rm POLAR]  US polar orbiter (ISTP/GGS)
  \item[\rm UARS] Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite
  \item[\rm INTERBALL] USSR/International pair of spacecraft for the study of the magnetosphere 
  (one in polar orbit, the other in the tail)
  \item[\rm CLUSTER] Four ESA/NASA satellites (ISTP)
  \item[\rm APEX] Active Plasma Experiment in the Earth?s Magnetosphere
\end{description}

 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1991):  Global observation network of UV spectra} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1991):  Global observation network of UV spectra} 
IAGA {\bf recognising} the need to understand the UV radiation environment and the processes that 
control it, including the changes in total column ozone, and to investigate the response of the 
biosphere, {\bf recommends} that national funding agencies support the establishment of a global 
observation network to determine the present day distribution of UV spectra at the Earth's surface 
and to detect long term (decade) trends, based upon standardised algorithms and instrument 
calibration. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1991):  Solar FUV/EUV observation by satellites} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1991):  Solar FUV/EUV observation by satellites} 
IAGA, {\bf noting} the central importance of solar spectral far ultraviolet (FUV) and extreme ultraviolet 
(EUV) fluxes to studies of the Earth's thermosphere, ionosphere and mesosphere and {\bf recognising} 
the limitations of available indices in the specification of spectral fluxes for quantitative studies, 
{\bf recommends} that international and inter-agency cooperative efforts be initiated to provide for future 
space-borne, long-term solar FUV/EUV spectral flux measurements. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1991):  Incoherent scatter radars in the polar cap region for space missions} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1991):  Incoherent scatter radars in the polar cap region for space missions} 
IAGA {\bf noting} that plans for incoherent scatter radars in the polar cap region are already far advanced, 
and {\bf recognising} that such observations are required in support of several spacecraft programs, in 
particular CLUSTER, {\bf recommends} to all concerned National Agencies that such radars be installed 
and tested so that they are operational in time for relevant space missions. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1991):  Equator-S satellite} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1991):  Equator-S satellite} 
IAGA {\bf noting} that the Equator spacecraft to survey the equatorial regions of the magnetosphere was 
an indispensable part of the synergistic aspects of the original GGS program, as originally developed 
by the scientific community acting through the various advisory and selection committees, views with 
concern that this spacecraft was removed from the well-balanced program for other than scientific 
reasons and the attempts to recover this science have not yet finally materialised, {\bf recommends} that 
the latest attempt to do so with a small scale (Equator-S):satellite be pursued 
\begin{itemize}
\item to fill the obvious gap in the GGS program 
\item and to demonstrate the possibilities of carrying out fruitful science with moderate resources. 
\end{itemize}

 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1991):  Participation in ACCORD project}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1991):  Participation in ACCORD project}
IAGA {\bf noting} that our understanding of solar activity is often too limited to predict such processes as 
solar flares and geomagnetic storms and their influence on the Earth; {\bf stresses} the necessity for 
outer-atmospheric observations of the Sun and solar-terrestrial interactions processes; {\bf recommends} 
that appropriate national agencies in each country facilitate participation in the spacecraft project 
ACCORD (spacecraft APEX and CORONAS, 1992-1995) in conjunction with ground-based, balloon 
and rocket experiments, and invites SCOSTEP and COSPAR to participate in the project. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.10 (1991):  Establishment of national networks of magnetic repeat stations} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.10 (1991):  Establishment of national networks of magnetic repeat stations} 
IAGA {\bf recognising} the importance of magnetic repeat station observations for determining the 
geomagnetic secular variation in regions without magnetic observatories, and {\bf noting} that an accurate 
knowledge of the secular change of the geomagnetic filed is essential for updating global and 
regional magnetic survey data sets, {\bf urges} that national networks of magnetic repeat stations be 
established, maintained and operated at the highest possible level of accuracy, and that all magnetic 
repeat station survey data be sent promptly to World Data Center-A, using the format recommended 
by IAGA. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.11 (1991):  Federation of institutes for geomagnetic observatories} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.11 (1991):  Federation of institutes for geomagnetic observatories} 
IAGA {\bf recognising} the importance of continued long-term monitoring of the geomagnetic field for 
scientific, industrial and other purposes, {\bf noting} that many key observatories throughout the world 
have inadequate support and are under threat of closure, {\bf encourages} the creation of a federation of 
those institutes operating magnetic observatories, working closely with IAGA, that will strengthen and 
coordinate their efforts, 

\begin{itemize}
   \item by maintaining standards set by IAGA 
   \item by working towards an improved distribution of observatories 
   \item by establishing and coordinating by-lateral or multilateral assistance programs among
   participating institutes 
   \item by actively pursuing all sources of funding. 
   \end{itemize}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.12 (1991):  ARISTOTELES satellite mission} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.12 (1991):  ARISTOTELES satellite mission} 
IAGA {\bf recognising} that time scales of directly observable geomagnetic main field changes range 
from years to centuries and that measurement of changes over the entire range of periods is crucial 
for the study of properties of the Earth's core and lower mantle and of the coupling between the two; 
{\bf recognising} that high resolution measurements of the geomagnetic anomaly field can provide 
significant information about the lithosphere and its tectonic structure in a detail never before 
achieved and that the acquisition of satellite magnetic field data of high accuracy is a crucial part of 
such measurements and {\bf noting} that twelve years have passed since the acquisition of suitable 
satellite magnetic field data, {\bf urges} most strongly ESA and NASA that they give their plans for the 
ARISTOTELES mission a high priority. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.13 (1991):  Real-time monitoring of the solar wind} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.13 (1991):  Real-time monitoring of the solar wind} 
IAGA {\bf noting} that advanced technological systems (especially electric power distribution and radio 
communications) are increasingly sensitive to natural variations in the Earth's magnetic field, 
magnetosphere and ionosphere, and {\bf noting} that considerable progress has been made in 
quantitative understanding of the physical relations between solar wind parameters and the 
responses in geophysical parameters, {\bf recommends} that the solar wind plasma and interplanetary 
magnetic field parameters be monitored upstream of the Earth in near real-time, and that the data be 
distributed internationally to anticipate possible terrestrial responses to severe solar wind fluctuations. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.14 (1991):  Support to the IEEY}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.14 (1991):  Support to the IEEY}
IAGA {\bf noting} the imminent initiation of the International Equatorial Electrojet Year (IEEY): September 
1991 to March 1993, {\bf recognising} the great importance of this program for understanding the Earth's 
near space environment in the equatorial region, strongly controlled by the geomagnetic field and 
ionosphere-atmosphere dynamics, {\bf urges} all the member countries concerned to support the 
participating organisations and scientists. 
 
 
\section*{6\textsuperscript{th } IAGA Scientific Assembly, Exeter, UK, 1989}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{6\textsuperscript{th} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Exeter, UK, 1989}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_28_1990.pdf}{IAGA News, March 1990, No.\,28}.
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1989):  Support to research in Antarctica through SCAR}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1989):  Support to research in Antarctica through SCAR}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that a high power ELF/VLF radio transmitter sited on the thick west Antarctic ice 
with complementary instrumentation is an efficient way of studying not only nonlinear wave-wave and 
wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere but also the precipitation of charged particles into the 
upper atmosphere {\bf urges} concerned nations operating through the ICSU  Scientific Committee on 
Antarctic Research to collaborate by designing, constructing, and resource sharing and by operating 
an international station in Antarctica to use the unique features of Antarctica for further scientific 
research in this field. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1989):  Solar variability effects and downward coupling process}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1989):  Solar variability effects and downward coupling process}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the need to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic changes in the 
atmosphere, so that early signs of the latter can be more accurately evaluated and {\bf noting} that there 
is a growing effort in the understanding of solar variability effects in the middle atmosphere, on short 
term, interannual and decade time scales and {\bf recognising} that there is now evidence for solar 
variability effects in the lower stratosphere, {\bf recommends} more intensive studies of atmospheric 
responses to solar activity and downward coupling processes to be carried out as one of the IAGA 
contributions to the goals of the IGBP in conjunction with IAMAP. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1989):  Reconsideration of instruments on the SOHO payload}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1989):  Reconsideration of instruments on the SOHO payload}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that the magnetic and solar wind measurements contribute an indispensable part of the 
synergistic aspects of SOHO/CLUSTER which are jointly considered as the cornerstone mission in 
solar-terrestrial physics views with concern the decision by the managing authorities of the agencies 
involved to remove the magnetometer and solar wind instruments from the SOHO payload and 
{\bf recommends} that this decision be reconsidered. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1989):  Support to observations in Antarctica}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1989):  Support to observations in Antarctica}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that key developments in the understanding of the coupled ionosphere 
magnetosphere and solar wind system will come from the integration of in situ satellite observations 
and measurements from spatially related networks of ground observatories and {\bf recognising} that 
Antarctica provides a unique platform upon which to deploy an optimum network of ground 
observatories from which to deploy unmanned experimental facilities in Antarctica, {\bf urges} national 
administrations through the ICSU Scientific Committee for Antarctica Research to support the 
development of an optimum international network of observatories

\begin{enumerate}
  \item  by coordinating the siting of new unmanned and manned facilities with existing facilities to 
  optimise the spatial coverage; 
  \item by ensuring that, as a minimum, measurements of the geomagnetic field and of the absorption 
  of cosmic noise by the riometer technique be made at each site under their control; and 
  \item by establishing an international database of these basic measurements to be freely available to 
  all contributing nations. 
\end{enumerate}

 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1989):  Magnetic anomaly map of the Arctic regions} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1989):  Magnetic anomaly map of the Arctic regions} 
IAGA, {\bf noting} the great number of magnetic surveys that have been carried out to obtain information 
about the Arctic lithosphere and {\bf noting} the considerable international interest in Arctic geology 
because of its contribution to the enhancement of our understanding of the tectonic evolution of the 
northern continents and oceans {\bf recommends} that all countries having geoscience research interests 
in the Arctic contribute to the production of a magnetic anomaly map of the Arctic regions. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1989):  Reconsideration of closure of geomagnetic observatory}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1989):  Reconsideration of closure of geomagnetic observatory}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that reliable data from geomagnetic observatories in all parts the world are 
important for geomagnetic science and also for the development of technologies and {\bf noting} that 
some observatories are experiencing considerable difficulties in securing funding and maintaining 
operation strongly {\bf urges} the responsible institutes to work with the IAGA to develop alternative 
solutions prior to taking a final decision to close an observatory. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1989):  Real-time geomagnetic data for the Dst and AE indices}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1989):  Real-time geomagnetic data for the Dst and AE indices}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the importance of making the Dst and AE magnetic indices available to the scientific 
community as promptly as possible and {\bf recognising} that the production of these indices on short 
time scales can be greatly assisted by transmitting data via satellite links {\bf recommends} the use of 
such a system and {\bf encourages} those magnetic observatories providing data to the World Data 
Center C2 for Geomagnetism for the calculation of these indices to use real-time data transmission 
systems such as that planned under the INTERMAGNET project. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1989):  Appreciation of Dst and AE derivation}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1989):  Appreciation of Dst and AE derivation}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the contributions made by the World Data Center C2 for Geomagnetism in the 
production and distribution of the Dst and AE indices and {\bf recognising} their immense value to the 
scientific community expresses deep appreciation of the effort being made by the World Data Center 
C2 for Geomagnetism, Kyoto, and {\bf requests} the Center to continue these important activities. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1989):  Appreciation of ISGI activities}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1989):  Appreciation of ISGI activities}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the value to the scientific community of high quality reliable geomagnetic indices and 
{\bf recognising} the unique role of the International Service of Geomagnetic Indices (ISGI) in the 
derivation, publication, and dissemination of these indices expresses deep appreciation of the efforts 
made by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris and the Center de Recherches en Physique de 
l'Environnement in editing ISGI monthly bulletins and assuring the publication of IAGA Bulletin No.\,32 
series and strongly {\bf recommends} the Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis 
Services to continue their support to the ISGI. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.10 (1989):  High accuracy geomagnetic field observation by satellites}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.10 (1989):  High accuracy geomagnetic field observation by satellites}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that time scales of directly observable geomagnetic main field changes range 
from years to centuries and that measurement of changes over the entire range of periods is crucial 
for the study of properties of the Earth's core and lower mantle and of the coupling between the two; 
{\bf recognising} that high resolution measurements of the geomagnetic anomaly field can provide 
significant information about the lithosphere and its tectonic structure in a detail never before 
achieved; {\bf recognising} that the acquisition of satellite magnetic field data of high accuracy is a crucial 
part of such measurements and {\bf noting} that ten years have passed since the acquisition of suitable 
satellite magnetic field data {\bf urges} again most strongly that plans for satellite measurements of the 
geomagnetic field at both low altitude and of long duration be given the highest priority for 
implementation. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.11 (1989):  Promotion of the IEEY}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.11 (1989):  Promotion of the IEEY}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of the Equatorial electrojet in geomagnetism, upper atmosphere 
dynamics and ionospheric processes, {\bf noting} the fact that the equatorial electrojet encompasses 
geographic regions of many developing countries, designates the period September 1991-March 
1993 as the International Equatorial Electrojet Year (IEEY), during which intensive and coordinated 
campaigns on the equatorial electrojet and related aeronomic phenomena should be conducted using 
a variety of observational techniques at low latitudes, and {\bf urges} all concerned scientific communities 
to participate actively in this programme. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.12 (1989):  Thanks to LOC}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.12 (1989):  Thanks to LOC}
IAGA, {\bf considering} in particular the short notice for the organisation of this Assembly, {\bf places on 
record} its sincere gratitude to the Royal Society of London and to the University of Exeter for inviting 
the Association to hold its Assembly in what have proved to be almost ideal surroundings and thanks 
the Local Organising Committee, under the chairmanship of Professor David Southwood, and in 
particular Dr Roy Jady and his assistant Mrs. Marilyn Webb for their heroic efforts in achieving a 
successful outcome. 
 
 
\section*{IXX IUGG General Assembly, Vancouver, Canada, 1987}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{IXX IUGG General Assembly, Vancouver, Canada, 1987}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_26_1987.pdf}{IAGA News, December 1987, No.\,26}. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1987):  Establishment of SEDI and numerical modelling of geodynamo}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1987):  Establishment of SEDI and numerical modelling of geodynamo}
IAGA, {\bf welcoming} the establishment of the Study of the Earth's Deep Interior (SEDI) and 
{\bf recognising} that the origin of the Earth's magnetic field is a fundamental, unsolved problem, 
{\bf recommends} that a concerted international co-operative effort be supported to develop numerical 
methods of modelling the geomagnetic dynamo. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1987):  International coordination for palaeomagnetic database}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1987):  International coordination for palaeomagnetic database}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of palaeomagnetic data for studies of the tectonic history of the 
Earth and for understanding the geomagnetic field area and {\bf noting} the lack of any international co-
ordination in preserving and compiling such data, {\bf urges} support for the compilation of both regional 
and global databases and for international workshops to coordinate the merging of such databases in 
order to facilitate use of palaeomagnetic data by research workers. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1987):  Continuous monitoring of Earth's ionised environment}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1987):  Continuous monitoring of Earth's ionised environment}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of monitoring factors governing the Earth's ionised environment 
over periods as long as the 11 year solar cycle and in particular {\bf noting} the recently established ability 
to monitor ion composition in near-Earth space and {\bf noting} the diminishing number of spacecraft flight 
opportunities, {\bf urges} those agencies with active spacecraft to make a concerted effort to continue 
tracking them and acquiring data from them. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1987):  Continuous measurement of solar wind parameters} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1987):  Continuous measurement of solar wind parameters} 
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of the interplanetary magnetic field and plasma field and plasma 
parameters which are fundamental for energy input into the magnetosphere and provide the driving 
energy for many of the phenomena studied by IAGA scientists, {\bf recommends} to the countries 
engaged in space experiments that efforts be made to assure the continuous measurements of the 
interplanetary magnetic field and plasma parameters and the timely dissemination of these data on a 
world-wide basis. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1987):  High-accuracy magnetic field measurement by satellites} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1987):  High-accuracy magnetic field measurement by satellites} 
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that seven years have passed since the acquisition of satellite magnetic field data 
suitable for high accuracy modelling of the Earth's main field and {\bf recognising} that such data are 
crucial for study of the properties of the Earth's core and lower mantle and of the coupling between 
the two and {\bf noting} that attempts to use satellite data of lesser quality have not been satisfactory, 
{\bf urges} most strongly the national and international space agencies to give the highest priority to 
missions using the best possible magnetometers and attitude control. 

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1987):  Data management and exchange in solar-terrestrial physics}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1987):  Data management and exchange in solar-terrestrial physics}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of the World Data Centers to the scientific community, notes with 
satisfaction, the steps taken by the ICSU Panel on World Data Centers toward revision of the Guide 
to International Data Exchange and the publication of Part 1 of the new Guide to the World Data 
Center System and {\bf encourages} timely input to future sections of the new Guide covering solar-
terrestrial phenomena and {\bf urges} organisers of new solar-terrestrial programs to ensure that 
provisions for data management and exchange are included in their plans within the guidelines of the 
new Guide and ICSU policy. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1987):  Continuous geomagnetic and ionospheric observations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1987):  Continuous geomagnetic and ionospheric observations}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the high value which has to be given to long time series of geomagnetic and 
ionospheric observations, which have made great contributions to our present understanding of the 
Earth and its environment, {\bf recognising} that in the current economic climate in many countries many 
such activities are being cut back and {\bf noting} that particular examples of this are provided by the 
Witteveen Geomagnetic Observatory in the Netherlands, and by the long chain of ionospheric 
observatories which stretches from Raratonga, through New Zealand and Campbell Islands, to Scott 
Base in Antarctica, {\bf urges} all member countries to maintain uninterrupted observations. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1987):  Thanks to LOC}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1987):  Thanks to LOC}
IAGA participants of this 1987 Vancouver Assembly take part in expressing their deep appreciation to 
their Canadian colleagues in the Local Organising Committee under the leadership of Professor R.\,D. 
Russell, with Professor R Armstrong in support, for their excellent arrangements and hospitality 
ensuring great success and enjoyment of this Assembly. IAGA also thanks Professors D. McEwen 
and T. Watanabe for their representation of IAGA in the preparatory work by the Canadian National 
Committee for IUGG and the Local Organising Committee. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1987):  Scheduling of IAGA symposia}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1987):  Scheduling of IAGA symposia}
IAGA, {\bf noting} 

\begin{compactenum}[1)]
  \item the increased volume of scientific works which must be discussed by the scientists of the 
  Association, in relation with the international programs of experiment and/or observations, 
  \item the reduced amount of time allocated to Association symposia during Union General Assemblies 
  because of the existence of many Union activities, 
  \item the conflict which sometimes exists between Union and Association symposia held simultaneously, 
  \item the lower attendance of IAGA scientists at General Assemblies, as compared with the attendance 
  at Scientific Assemblies apparently on account of these constraints, 
\end{compactenum}

{\bf requests} that the number of 
Inter-Association symposia be reduced (7 to 10 at maximum) and that the convenors of such 
symposia act in close contact with, and under the supervision of, the Associations involved. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.10 (1987):  Assembly in 1989 at University of Exeter}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.10 (1987):  Assembly in 1989 at University of Exeter}
IAGA, {\bf recalling} the unfortunate circumstances of its withdrawal from the planned Scientific Assembly 
in 1989 in Oslo, and the consequent need to find a new invitation in another country for an Assembly 
in 1989 and {\bf noting} the generous invitation from the British National Committee through the Council 
of the Royal Society of London, and the University and City of Exeter, accepts this invitation with 
pleasure and resolves to convey its warm thanks to the Royal Society of London and its particular 
appreciation of the prompt and effective action taken by Professor D.\,J. Southwood and Mr C.\,R. Argent 
in arranging for that invitation. 

 
\subsection*{IUGG Resolutions  (1987) }
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{IUGG Resolutions (1987)}

\subsection*{Resolution (1987): Free circulation of scientists}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution (1987): Free circulation of scientists}
IUGG, {\bf noting}

\begin{compactenum}[(i)]
  \item that Canada had accepted that the Union General Assembly be held in this country in 1987 
  approximately four years in advance and
  \item that approximately six months before the Assembly, Canada placed severe difficulties in the 
  procedure that South African bona fide scientists had to follow, requiring them to appear personally at 
  a Canadian Embassy outside South Africa to obtain their visas and
  \item that the actions described in (ii) are tantamount to discrimination against certain groups of bona 
  fide scientists, in direct conflict with the International Council of Scientific Union (ICSU) rules relating 
  to the free circulation of scientists
\end{compactenum}

{\bf expresses} its great concern to the Canadian government and to 
ICSU about this discrimination and further {\bf recommends} that ICSU insists that governments which 
propose and/or accept that scientific assemblies of ICSU bodies be held in their country do not 
introduce new difficulties in the procedures which are necessary for obtaining visas by bona fide 
scientists of every country, after such proposal and/or acceptance has been made. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution (1987): Upper atmosphere and geomagnetic observations in low latitude regions}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution (1987): Upper atmosphere and geomagnetic observations in low latitude regions}
IUGG, {\bf noting} that a useful suggestion by the Interdivisional Commission on Developing Countries of 
IAGA has been made for a concentrated study (at least during 1989-1990) of equatorial aeronomy 
and geomagnetism, greatly influenced by equatorial electrojet effects, contributing essentially to

\begin{compactenum}[(i)]
  \item encouragement of low latitude countries to complement the existing research programs in the 
  middle and high latitude regions, and
  \item improved understanding of coupling between the Earth's immediate environmental space and the 
  upper atmosphere, in particular of the specific and exclusively equatorial confined phenomena
\end{compactenum}

  {\bf recommends} member countries 
\begin{compactenum}[(i)]
  \item to initiate and support experiments on upper atmosphere and geomagnetism in low latitude 
  regions at different longitudes over the world,
  \item to provide some cost-effective or available instruments to low latitude countries willing to 
  participate in these global geophysical studies, 
  \item to collaborate with the Interdivisional Commission on Developing Countries of IAGA for matters 
  concerning the detailed plans and practical arrangements of this study.
\end{compactenum}


\section*{5\textsuperscript{th} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Prague, 1985}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{5\textsuperscript{th} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Prague, 1985}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_24_1985.pdf}{IAGA News, November 1985, No.\,24}. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1985):  Continuation of magnetic field satellites and associated ground measurements}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1985):  Continuation of magnetic field satellites and associated ground measurements}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the great improvement of our knowledge of the geomagnetic field because of the 
availability of MAGSAT data, {\bf noting} that additional such satellites are essential for disciplines such 
as magnetospheric and ionospheric physics, magnetic exploration of the crust and studies of the 
Earth's core, {\bf endorses} the recommendations of the International Working group on Magnetic Field 
Satellites, and {\bf urges} again that a continuing program of satellite vector measurements of the 
geomagnetic field be initiated in the near future, and that the associated ground measurements which 
are needed for absolute reference and for modelling the main field be continued and, if possible, 
expanded. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1985):  Continuous solar wind data acquisition from IMP-8 spacecraft}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1985):  Continuous solar wind data acquisition from IMP-8 spacecraft}
IAGA, {\bf understanding} that the coupling between the solar wind, the magnetosphere, the ionosphere 
and the thermosphere requires knowledge of solar wind parameters, since these provide the input to 
the system, {\bf expresses} its appreciation of the recent efforts by ESA and NASA to extend the 
usefulness of the IMP-8 spacecraft by acquiring data from Redoux (Belgium), and strongly {\bf urges} all 
responsible agencies to cooperate in providing as complete a coverage as possible in the continuing 
acquisition of IMP-8 measurements and to consider the possibility of deploying new spacecraft to 
measure the crucial solar wind parameters. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1985):  Support to international magnetotelluric observation projects}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1985):  Support to international magnetotelluric observation projects}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the success of seismic methods in elucidating structures in the lithosphere, 
arising from intensive international cooperation with uniform measuring equipment and processing 
techniques, and anticipating a similar success of electromagnetic induction methods under 
comparable conditions, {\bf recommends} funding agencies to support projects associated with the 
International Lithosphere Program, such as the European Geotraverse Project, to support the 
creation of large pools of magnetotelluric equipment preferably with uniform specifications and to 
support projects that work towards standardisation in data exchange. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1985):  International laboratory for numerical electromagnetic modelling} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1985):  International laboratory for numerical electromagnetic modelling} 
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of advanced and reliable interpretation of electromagnetic (EM) 
measurements for a better understanding of the structure, composition and tectonic development of 
the Earth, and {\bf noting} the difficulties in developing reliable and effective computer programs for data 
processing, modelling and interpretation purposes and the lack of appropriate computing facilities in 
many institutions, {\bf endorses} every effort, such as the creation of the International Laboratory of 
Numerical Electromagnetic Modelling (ILONEM), to provide means for developing, testing and 
comparing reliable programs and to provide computing and modelling services to scientists, 
especially those in developing countries. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1985):  Continuation of St.\,Santin incoherent scatter radar}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1985):  Continuation of St.\,Santin incoherent scatter radar}
Whereas global experiments to study the atmosphere - ionosphere- magnetosphere coupling have 
received considerable emphasis during the last few years and are expected to receive more 
emphasis in the future, IAGA is {\bf concerned} to learn about the planned discontinuation of incoherent 
scatter measurements at St.\,Santin in 1986. Observations from St.\,Santin are particularly valuable in 
the context of global studies because St.\,Santin is the only mid latitude radar station in the European 
sector, and because measurements in the European sector and in the American and Asian sectors 
are required for separating local time and Universal Time effects. Accordingly, IAGA {\bf recommends} 
that the responsible authorities in France examine every possible way to continue incoherent scatter 
operations of the St.\,Santin facility for special campaigns beyond 1986. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1985):  Importance of Antarctic observation}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1985):  Importance of Antarctic observation}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the importance of Antarctica as a unique area in which to observe a great variety of 
geophysical phenomena, which are essential for the understanding of the physics of atmospheric and 
near-Earth space processes, and {\bf recognising} its particular suitability for international scientific 
cooperation, {\bf recommends} that funding agencies continue to support existing experiments in 
Antarctica and implement new installations of equipment for studying the ionosphere, thermosphere, 
mesosphere, stratosphere and solid Earth in these regions by means of ground-based instruments, 
rockets and low altitude orbiting spacecraft. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1985):  Continuous monitoring of solar and geomagnetic conditions}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1985):  Continuous monitoring of solar and geomagnetic conditions}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the essential role in support of numerous research programs of the long time-
series of monitoring data describing solar and geomagnetic conditions provided by magnetic 
observatory records and the 10.7\,cm solar radio flux observations, strongly {\bf recommends} to funding 
agencies that efforts be made to safeguard the future of these monitoring programs and the archiving 
and dissemination of their results 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1985):  Prompt report of geomagnetic observation for IAGA Bulletin No.32}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1985):  Prompt report of geomagnetic observation for IAGA Bulletin No.32}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of continued publication of definitive geomagnetic indices and of 
summary data on rapid geomagnetic activity in a timely manner, reasserting its policy of continued 
publication of the IAGA Bulletin No.\,32 series, and {\bf noting} that delays caused by a small number of 
observatories have a serious adverse effect on the usefulness of the whole network, {\bf urges} the 
magnetic observatory to report activity and indices, and to return check lists, promptly to all 
permanent service centres which are involved in this process of publication.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1985):  Promoting IAGA-related science under the LOME\,III Convention}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1985):  Promoting IAGA-related science under the LOME\,III Convention}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that 65 countries belonging to the group of AFRICAN\,-\,CARIBBEAN\,-\,PACIFIC states 
have signed with the European Community a convention, known as the LOME\,III Convention, by 
which funds might be available to those countries in order to implement scientific experiments and to 
develop research, {\bf urges} that this possibility be used for promoting IAGA-related science in these 
countries, thus leading among other benefits to a significant step towards a fully global coverage of 
geomagnetic and aeronomic phenomena, and {\bf recommends} such programs to the European 
Community for funding under the Lome Convention.    
 
 
\section*{XVIII IUGG General Assembly, Hamburg, 1983}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{XVIII IUGG General Assembly, Hamburg, 1983}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_22_1984.pdf}{IAGA News, February 1984, No.\,22}.
 
\subsection*{Resolution of thanks (1983):  Thanks to LOC}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution of thanks (1983):  Thanks to LOC}
IAGA is deeply {\bf appreciative} of the organisation and efforts made by the Local Organising Committee 
of IUGG; in particular it commends the excellent arrangement by the Geomagnetism staff of the 
Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut (Dr. D. Voppel and his colleagues) to make our meeting 
effective and productive and to help make our stay in Hamburg pleasant and enjoyable. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1983):  Derivation of AE indices by WDC-C2 for Geomagnetism, Kyoto}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1983):  Derivation of AE indices by WDC-C2 for Geomagnetism, Kyoto}
IAGA {\bf welcomes} the news that the World Data Center C2 for Geomagnetism in Kyoto (Japan) has 
completed the derivation of the Auroral Electrojet (AE) Indices for the International Magnetospheric 
Study Years 1978, 1979 and the first half of 1980; {\bf congratulates} those responsible for this fruitful 
and important work involving international cooperation, looking forward to the continuing cooperation 
of the WDC-C2 for Geomagnetism with the Japanese National Institute of Polar Research and 
{\bf recommends} strongly that observatories contributing the data for the AE-index do so in digital form 
as soon as is practical. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1983):  Continuous observation of the solar wind}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1983):  Continuous observation of the solar wind}
IAGA {\bf notes} the scientific importance of Interplanetary Medium
data and {\bf recommends} that such
data continue to be recorded for onward transmission to the World Data Centers.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1983):  Standardisation of computer-based techniques at WDCs}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1983):  Standardisation of computer-based techniques at WDCs}
IAGA {\bf commends} the progress being made by the World Data Centers in developing computer-
based techniques for data transmission and storage and {\bf urges} the establishing of compatibility in 
both hardware and software, including the standardisation of data formats. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1983):  Scaling technique of K by hand and by machine}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1983):  Scaling technique of K by hand and by machine}
IAGA {\bf recognising} that the quality of results from long time series depends on the accuracy and 
homogeneity of the data sets; notes that K-indices from different networks of observatories have been 
used for many years in deriving planetary activity indices Ap, Am and Aa, and that some 
observatories are now using digital recording systems and machine data reductions; and 
{\bf recommends}

\begin{compactenum}[(1)]
  \item that routine derivation of K-indices continues by hand scaling according to the method proposed 
  by Bartels (developed by Mayaud in IAGA Bulletin No.\,21); and
  \item that new machine derived indices be given distinctly different names to avoid confusion with 
  existing indices. 
\end{compactenum}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1983):  Low-altitude magnetic satellite after MAGSAT}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1983):  Low-altitude magnetic satellite after MAGSAT}
IAGA {\bf recognising} the value of the MAGSAT global vector survey in defining the main magnetic field 
of 1980, the need for knowledge of the secular variation, its contribution to separating internal and 
external field variations, and the extreme usefulness of satellite observations of the magnetic field in 
delineating long-wavelength crustal anomalies and in producing magnetic charts; {\bf urges} that another 
magnetic vector field satellite survey be carried out, most desirably at an altitude significantly lower 
than MAGSAT and preferably before 1990, and {\bf notes} that a satellite such as the proposed 
Geopotential Research Mission of the USA would be excellent for the performance of these tasks. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1983):  Geomagnetic data for IGRF1990}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1983):  Geomagnetic data for IGRF1990}
IAGA will issue a revision of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field extending it from 1985 to 
1990 and {\bf recognising} the crucial importance of recent data on secular variation for the accuracy of 
the revision, {\bf asks} geomagnetic program directors to make an extraordinary effort to transmit their 
most recent data related to secular variation, including magnetic observatory mean values for 1983 
and repeat survey results, to the World Data Centers before July 1, 1984. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1983):  Compilation of geomagnetic surveys}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1983):  Compilation of geomagnetic surveys}
IAGA {\bf appreciates} the importance of long wavelength anomalies for the investigation of large-scale 
structures in the deeper parts of the Earth's crust and {\bf recommends} the compilation of geomagnetic 
surveys of Europe and other regions in such a way as to allow the preparation of consistent anomaly 
maps. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1983):  International program for quantitative investigations in STP}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1983):  International program for quantitative investigations in STP}
IAGA {\bf notes} the immense value to the scientific community of international programs for coordinated 
data acquisition, analysis and interpretation (e.g., IGY, IQSY, IMS, MAP, SMY) and {\bf recognising} the 
importance, complexity and dynamic nature of the solar-terrestrial interaction, {\bf urges} member nations 
to support and to participate in ICSU planning for international programs during the coming decade 
designed to acquire and to analyse widespread and well-coordinated data for quantitative 
investigations of the physical and chemical processes involved in the solar-terrestrial interactions. 
 
 
\section*{4\textsuperscript{th} IAGA Scientific Assembly,  Edinburgh, UK, 1981}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{4\textsuperscript{th} IAGA Scientific Assembly,  Edinburgh, UK, 1981}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_20_1981.pdf}{IAGA News, December 1981, No.\,20}.
 
\subsection*{Resolution of thanks (1981):  Thanks to LOC}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution of thanks (1981):  Thanks to LOC}
IAGA {\bf expresses} its appreciation to The Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh and its sincere 
gratitude to the Local Organising Committee for the excellent hospitality, scientific meeting 
arrangements, the social programme and the weather which have produced a very enjoyable and 
fruitful assembly. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1981):  Southern hemisphere incoherent scatter radar}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1981):  Southern hemisphere incoherent scatter radar}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that a proposal is to be made to URSI that a feasibility study should be made for a 
containerised Southern Hemisphere Incoherent Scatter Facility (SHISCAT) and {\bf noting} that the 
scientific results obtainable with such a facility would be of great interest {\bf recommends} that such a 
feasibility study be made and {\bf requests} URSI to keep IAGA informed of progress in this project.  

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1981):  Support to WDCs for continuous and upgraded activities}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1981):  Support to WDCs for continuous and upgraded activities}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that the World Data Centers for Solar-Terrestrial Physics have, in the past, played a 
vital role in helping to provide IAGA scientists with primary and support data necessary for them to 
carry out their research effectively and {\bf noting} that the success of the data analysis phases of the 
International Magnetospheric Study and the upcoming Middle Atmosphere Program are strongly 
dependent on the continued availability of the large data archives handled by the World Data Centers, 
strongly {\bf recommends} that national agencies which house and support the World Data Centers do all 
in their power to ensure that the high standards of data archiving and dissemination achieved by 
these organisations in recent years are maintained and, if possible, upgraded over the coming 
decade. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1981):  Support to the Reporter Reviews}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1981):  Support to the Reporter Reviews}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that Reporter Reviews of the divisions of IAGA are considered to be an integral part of 
the process of alerting IAGA scientists to recent developments in their areas of research and further 
{\bf noting} that the non-attendance of reporters in certain topic areas which they are assigned to cover 
leads to a gap in reporting results which extend over two years of development in the areas 
concerned, strongly {\bf urges} that organisations at which the reporters are based do all in their power to 
ensure that reporters are given the resources which will permit them to prepare their reviews and to 
deliver them orally at the IAGA and IUGG General Assemblies. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1981):  Continuous operation of HELIOS-1 mission}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1981):  Continuous operation of HELIOS-1 mission}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that the new and unexpected results from the HELIOS-[1] mission as solar activity 
evolves and {\bf noting} the excellent technical status of the payload and the spacecraft and {\bf recognising} 
the unique capabilities of HELIOS-1 to study the interplanetary medium between 0.3\,AU and 1.0\,AU 
during the declining phase of the solar cycle {\bf urges} the appropriate agencies in the FRG [Federal 
Republic of Germany, former West Germany] to ensure the continued support of mission operations 
and data analysis.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1981):  Continuation of Geomagnetic Observatory Paramaribo}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1981):  Continuation of Geomagnetic Observatory Paramaribo}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the need for geomagnetic data in the equatorial region of South America, 
{\bf requests} that the Surinam authorities support the continuation of the Geomagnetic Observatory 
Paramaribo.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1981):  Support to Nairobi Geomagnetic Observatory}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1981):  Support to Nairobi Geomagnetic Observatory}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of Nairobi Geomagnetic Observatory as part of the East African 
contribution to international geophysical science, and {\bf noting} the need for improving the quality of 
operation, {\bf urges} the Kenya authorities to provide the necessary funds to rehabilitate and continue to 
maintain the observatory operation, with due regard to unified standards established for East African 
observatory and field survey needs. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1981):  Continuous operation of Nampula Geomagnetic Observatory }
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1981):  Continuous operation of Nampula Geomagnetic Observatory }
IAGA, {\bf recognising} with thanks the efforts of Mozambique authorities in maintaining the high 
standard of the Maputo Geomagnetic Observatory, and {\bf noting} the improvement that the Nampula 
Geomagnetic Observatory will provide in filling a gap in the network of magnetic observatories, 
{\bf recommends} the continuous operation of the Nampula Observatory. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1981):  Digital recording at AE stations and thanks to WDC-C2, Kyoto }
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1981):  Digital recording at AE stations and thanks to WDC-C2, Kyoto }
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the immense value to the scientific community of the derivation and publication of 
auroral electrojet (AE) indices, {\bf thanks} WDC-C2 (Kyoto, Japan) for producing AE in published form 
for the first half of 1978, and {\bf urges} that WDC-C2 continue to produce AE indices; understanding that 
6 of the 12 observatories whose records are used in deriving AE are now recording digitally, strongly 
{\bf urges} that the remaining stations (Cape Wellen, Tixie Bay, Cape Chelyuskin, Dixon Island, Abisko, 
and Leirvogur) rapidly convert to digital recording magnetometers to facilitate the prompt production 
and publication of AE indices. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1981):  Global meteor radar network}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1981):  Global meteor radar network}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that most radar meteor systems are now automated, {\bf considering} the need for a more 
effective geographical distribution of radar meteor stations and {\bf recognising} high degree of 
coordination necessary to undertake simultaneous world-wide observations {\bf recommends} that

\begin{compactenum}[(1)]
  \item IAGA member countries be encouraged to support and extend the radio meteor network
  \item international coordination be undertaken through a Global Meteor Observation System 
  (GLOBMET) and that this coordination be effected in the immediate future through the Middle 
  Atmosphere Program in SCOSTEP
  \item a committee be formed within SCOSTEP with representatives from IAGA, IAMAP, IAU, and URSI 
  to produce a GLOBMET planning document. 
\end{compactenum}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.10 (1981):  Magnetic repeat surveys in developing countries}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.10 (1981):  Magnetic repeat surveys in developing countries}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the need for magnetic repeat surveys in developing countries which lack the 
equipment and expertise in these operations, {\bf suggests} that consideration be given by these 
countries to obtaining assistance from agencies who have these facilities or from individuals who 
have the expertise. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.11 (1981):  Workshops in magnetic operations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.11 (1981):  Workshops in magnetic operations}
IAGA, {\bf recognises} the need for workshops in magnetic operations in the regions of developing 
countries to provide training of technicians for these operations and {\bf urges} that countries in need of 
such training and appropriate international agencies join in support of these workshops. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.12 (1981):  Low-altitude satellite survey of geomagnetic field}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.12 (1981):  Low-altitude satellite survey of geomagnetic field}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the usefulness of Magsat satellite vector magnetic data in defining IGRF 1980, 
and {\bf noting} the complexity of secular variation, {\bf urges} that another such satellite survey be made; 
{\bf recognising} the value of such data in mapping intermediate-wavelength anomalies attaches great 
importance to the acquisition of such data at an altitude less than 200\,km. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.13 (1981):  DGRF1965-75, PGRF1975, and IGRF1980}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.13 (1981):  DGRF1965-75, PGRF1975, and IGRF1980}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the continuing need for an International Geomagnetic Reference Field, 
{\bf recommends} that:

\begin{enumerate}
  \item IGRF 1980 be used for the interval 1980 to 1985
  \item DGRF\,1965, DGRF\,1970, and DGRF\,1975 be used, with linear interpolation, for applications 
  requiring definitive values for the interval 1965 to 1975
  \item PGRF\,1975 (i.e. DGRF\,1975 and IGRF\,1980 interpolated linearly) be used for the interval 1975 
  to 1980 until DGRF\,1980 is produced.
  \item This pattern be maintained in future updates.
\end{enumerate}

{\it (In the above text, DGRF denotes a Definitive International Geomagnetic Reference Field, and PGRF 
a Provisional International Geomagnetic Reference Field. The values of spherical harmonic 
coefficients for DGRF 1965, DGRF 1970, DGRF 1975, and IGRF 1980 with secular variation terms 
for 1980-1985 are shown in this publication on page 101.)} 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.14 (1981):  Data bank of archaeomagnetic and palaeomagnetic records}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.14 (1981):  Data bank of archaeomagnetic and palaeomagnetic records}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the need to extend our knowledge of the geomagnetic secular variation beyond the 
limited range of historical and observatory records and {\bf recognising} the large increase during the 
past decade in secular variation records from a world-wide network of sites obtained from 
archaeomagnetic studies and palaeomagnetic studies of sedimentary sequences, {\bf urges} that a data 
bank be established, and subsequently transferred to a World Data Center to enable all workers to 
gain ready access to the available data. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.15  (1981):  Aeromagnetic surveys in Antarctic region}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.15  (1981):  Aeromagnetic surveys in Antarctic region}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the great contributions that detailed aeromagnetic surveys would make in 
understanding the structure and geological history of Antarctica and its surround oceanic areas, 
strongly {\bf urges} member countries of SCAR to acquire such data from those regions.  
 
 
\section*{XVII IUGG General Assembly, Canberra, December 1979}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{XVII IUGG General Assembly, Canberra, December 1979}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_18_1980.pdf}{IAGA News, February 1980, No.\,18}.
 
\subsection*{Resolution of thanks (1979):  Thanks to LOC}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution of thanks (1979):  Thanks to LOC}
IAGA expresses its gratitude to those member countries that in recent years have hosted 
international conferences in the fields of IAGA's interest. IAGA expresses its deep appreciation to the 
Australian Academy of Sciences and to the Local Organising Committee for the quality of the 
arrangements and the hospitality shown to the participants that have led to productive and pleasant 
meetings in Canberra and Melbourne. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1979):  Promotion of appointment of delegates to the IUGG Council}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1979):  Promotion of appointment of delegates to the IUGG Council}
IAGA, {\bf noting} with satisfaction that there are many IUGG member countries carrying out strong 
scientific programs in IAGA disciplines thus providing a large and important scientific input to IAGA 
Scientific and General Assemblies, {\bf recognising} that the most crucial financial decisions directly 
affecting the operations of IAGA as well as many programmatic decisions are in the purview of the 
IUGG Bureau, the IUGG Finance Committee and, ultimately, the IUGG Council, {\bf encourages} the 
IAGA Adhering Bodies to promote within the IUGG National Committees to which they belong, the 
appointment of Delegates to the IUGG Council drawn from the disciplines of IAGA, so as to achieve a 
representation of IAGA interests in the Council, and ultimately in the IUGG Bureau and Finance 
Committee, that is commensurate with the actual volume of scientific and programmatic work carried 
out by this Association.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1979):  IUGG endorsement of the new Constitution for SCOSTEP}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1979):  IUGG endorsement of the new Constitution for SCOSTEP}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that SCOSTEP was converted by ICSU into a Scientific Committee, and taking into 
account the continued strong interest and active participation of IAGA and IAMAP scientists in 
SCOSTEP programs such as MAP, the IMS Data Analysis phase, SMY, and Solar-Weather 
Relationships, {\bf recommends} to IUGG endorsement of the new Constitution drafted for SCOSTEP, 
and provision of continued financial support to this Scientific Committee. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1979):  Continued support to IMS SSC and IMSCIE}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1979):  Continued support to IMS SSC and IMSCIE}
IAGA {\bf acknowledges} the major contributions to the success of the International Magnetospheric 
Study that have been made by the IMS Satellite Situation Center (SSC) and by the IMS Central 
Information Office (IMSCIE); {\bf notes} that during the post-IMS period there will be a continuing need for 
an information flow of the type at the present being provided by the SSC and the IMSCIE Office; and 
{\bf urges} SCOSTEP and its affiliated international bodies to persuade relevant national agencies and 
academies to provide continued support to these services during the next decade. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1979):  Inclusion of geophysical experiments on geosynchronous applications satellites}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1979):  Inclusion of geophysical experiments on geosynchronous applications satellites}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the contributions that have been made in the past by experiments on 
geosynchronous applications satellites, {\bf urges} that provision be made for the inclusion of coherent 
radio beacons and other equipment for geophysical experiments when such satellites are being 
planned. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1979):  Establishing global radar systems for M-I coupling study}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1979):  Establishing global radar systems for M-I coupling study}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the success of radar techniques in providing new information about the dynamic and 
spatial structure of electric fields, and the importance of such information for increasing the 
understanding both of the ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling and of global energy dissipation in the 
ionosphere through joule heating, {\bf urges} that member nations collaborate in establishing radar 
systems in both hemispheres over as wide a longitude range as possible. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1979):  Global network of meteor wind radar for MAP}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1979):  Global network of meteor wind radar for MAP}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the progress which has been achieved in the investigation of dynamical processes in 
the upper atmosphere by means of the meteor radar method (especially under the auspices of the 
IAGA Global Radio Meteor Wind Studies Project (GRMWSP) ), and the progress in the development 
both of automated meteor radars and of mathematical simulation of meteor phenomena, and {\bf noting} 
that the necessity of measuring mesopause dynamics on a global scale requires the comparison of 
data measure by different equipment using different analyses, {\bf recommends} 

\begin{compactenum}[(i)]
  \item that all groups which use the radio meteor method during the preliminary MAP period coordinate 
  their efforts in the development of the global network of meteor wind radars, to include 
  transportable radars; 
  \item that other techniques (for example, incoherent scatter, partial reflection drifts and LF spaced 
  receiver drifts) should be used in coordinated measurements;
  \item that the existing GRMWSP network carry out simultaneous observations during periods of 
  particular meteorological significance, at least until completion of MAP; and
  \item that greater efforts be made to standardise equipment and analysis techniques, with particular 
  emphasis on comparing results obtained using different observational techniques. 
\end{compactenum}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1979):  Cooperative project for geomagnetic secular variation study with sediments in lakes}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1979):  Cooperative project for geomagnetic secular variation study with sediments in lakes}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that a comprehensive study along an east-west profile of geomagnetic secular 
variations recorded in sediments deposited since the last glaciation in lakes is likely to yield new data 
basic to our understanding of the origin of the geomagnetic field and that such a profile would be 
optimally located in the Eurasian and American continents, within a band of latitudes between 40 and 
50 degrees N, {\bf recommends} that National Bodies in the respective countries support the preparation 
of a cooperative project in which standardised techniques will be used. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1979):  Magnetic observations on Easter Island, around Pamatai and on Amsterdam Island}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1979):  Magnetic observations on Easter Island, around Pamatai and on Amsterdam Island}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the importance of establishing and maintaining an adequate geographical 
distribution of magnetic observatories, {\bf urges} the establishment of an observatory on Easter Island, 
appeals to the authorities concerned to maintain an electromagnetic noise-free area around the 
Pamatai (Tahiti) observatory site, and the opening of a permanent magnetic observatory on 
Amsterdam Island. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1979):  Repeat geomagnetic observation on islands}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1979):  Repeat geomagnetic observation on islands}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the need for secular change data of the magnetic field from remote ocean areas 
and the possibility of achieving this by measurements at certain specified islands, {\bf urges} the 
responsible authorities both to establish the following repeat stations and to re-observe at them at 
intervals of not more than 5 years:  Atlantic Ocean: Ascencion, St.\,Helena, Cape Verde, Tristan da 
Cunha, Trindade Falkland, Gough, Bermuda; Pacific Ocean: Clipperton, Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, 
Line, Marquesas, Gambier, Austral, Marshalls, Carolines, Wake, Baker, Adak, Raoul, Auckland 
Island, Campbell, Snares, Coos, Fiji, Niue, Chatham, Bounty, Antipodes, Tonga, Solomons, Nauru, 
New Caledonia, New Hebrides; Indian Ocean: Heard, Diego Garcia, Seychelles, Maldives, Cocos, 
Christmas, Amsterdam Island.  
  
\subsection*{Resolution No.10 (1979):  Supply of observatory magnetic data for MAGSAT project}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.10 (1979):  Supply of observatory magnetic data for MAGSAT project}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the value of the MAGSAT geomagnetic measurements, {\bf urges} the continuing 
support of the geomagnetic observatories and measurements at repeat stations to maintain the high 
precision of world magnetic charts and {\bf recommends} that, until the end of 1980, observatories send 
hourly values (preliminary values, if need be) to the World Data Centers not later than two months 
after the end of the recording period. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.11 (1979):  Rapid-run magnetic recording}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.11 (1979):  Rapid-run magnetic recording}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of rapid run magnetograms for global studies of ULF pulsations, 
{\bf recommends} that observatories operating rapid-run magnetometers continue to do so, where 
possible increasing the sensitivity, and that other observatories initiate rapid-run recording. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.12 (1979):  10 seconds digital recording for 1 minute means of geomagnetic data}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.12 (1979):  10 seconds digital recording for 1 minute means of geomagnetic data}
IAGA, {\bf draws attention} to the desirability of digital magnetic observatories using a sampling rate no 
slower than once every 10 seconds and {\bf asks} these observatories to send these data to the World 
Data Centers as one-minute means (with clear identification of the method of averaging). These 
means should be centred on the minute (e.g. the first value within an hour is labelled 00h01m and is 
the mean calculated from 00h00m30s to 00h01m30s). 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.13 (1979):  Loan of standard QHMs}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.13 (1979):  Loan of standard QHMs}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the need of some magnetic observatories to compare their horizontal intensity 
standard with the international standard and recalling the availability of the standard QHMs which are 
owned by IAGA and maintained by the Danish Meteorological Institute, {\bf urges} the magnetic 
observatories to make use of this facility by requesting loan of the standard QHMs from that Institute. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.14 (1979):  Digital data for AE derivation}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.14 (1979):  Digital data for AE derivation}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the immense value to the scientific community of the publication of AE-indices by 
World Data Center A, {\bf urges} all contributing northern hemisphere observatories to use digital 
recording and further {\bf recommends} all World Data Centers to participate; particularly of importance is 
the digitisation of magnetograms by WDC-C2 (Kyoto, Japan).  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.15 (1979):  Keeping standard of K-index scaling}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.15 (1979):  Keeping standard of K-index scaling}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that standards of K-index scaling can change, {\bf urges} that each country appoint a 
qualified scientist to check regularly the K-index scalings at all the observatories within that country to 
maintain these standards and requests that Observatory Directors notify the Central Km-Bureau 
(Institut de Physique du Globe, Paris) of any changes of the Chief Observer at the Km Observatories 
to allow the Central Km-Bureau to be alert to detect possible systematic changes in K-scaling. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.16 (1979):  Compilation of magnetic anomaly map}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.16 (1979):  Compilation of magnetic anomaly map}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the interest in global magnetic anomalies and that a certain number of countries 
have already completed maps on a scale of 1:2\,500\,000, {\bf urges} the compilation of such maps within 
the next four years as a contribution to a global magnetic anomaly map. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.17 (1979):  Importance of basic research in geoscience}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.17 (1979):  Importance of basic research in geoscience}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the ever-increasing pressure upon geophysicists to provide fast returns in the 
form of practical applications of their research, draws attention to the fact that basic research 
motivated by intellectual curiosity is the most effective breeding ground for the long-term development 
of applications in resource exploration and exploitation, environmental protection, and new 
technologies; {\bf urges} its member countries to provide continued strong support of basic research in 
the geosciences, and {\bf encourages} them to embark in a concerted effort towards establishing an 
appropriate balance between the current opportunities offered in basic research and the long-term 
needs in applied fields and technology. \\
 \\
{\it [Remark: Resolution 2 adopted by IAMAP. Resolution 17 adopted also as an IUGG Resolution.] }
 
 
\section*{3\textsuperscript{rd} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Seattle, 1977}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{3\textsuperscript{rd} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Seattle, 1977}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_16_1977.pdf}{IAGA News No.\,16, December 1977, p 52-60}.
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1977):  History of IAGA}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1977):  History of IAGA}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that personal knowledge and written records of its creation, its early officers and its 
subsequent progress are being lost as time passes, {\bf encourages} people with relevant information 
concerning the history of the Association to communicate it to the Interdivisional Commission on 
History, through the Secretary General. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1977): Global network of ionosonde}  
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1977): Global network of ionosonde}  
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that ionosondes continue to have an important role to play in monitoring the 
Earth's environment, {\bf recommends} that a global network of ionosondes should be maintained 
throughout the 1980's, and that efforts be continued to modernise the equipment in use and to open 
new observatories at locations essential for research, and {\bf urges} that responsible authorities, before 
deciding to close an observatory, invite comment from the scientific community through the 
Ionospheric Network Advisory Group of U.R.S.I, on whether the observatory is of special importance.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1977):  Support for rocket and balloon programmes}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1977):  Support for rocket and balloon programmes}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that in providing vertical profiles of neutral and ionised constituents, sounding rockets 
and balloons have special roles to play both by virtue of the short time needed in deciding to launch 
and because of the inaccessibility of the atmosphere below 120\,km to orbiting spacecraft, 
{\bf recommends} that the present level of support for rocket and balloon programmes be maintained, 
with an appropriate increase in special circumstances such as solar eclipses. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1977):  Continuous observation at Geomagnetic Meridian Project stations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1977):  Continuous observation at Geomagnetic Meridian Project stations}
IAGA, {\bf notes} with satisfaction that the Working Group on the Geomagnetic Meridian Project (GMP) 
has completed its task, which is an important step forward in the study of magnetospheric 
disturbances, {\bf thanks} the members of the Working Group for their efforts and {\bf recommends} that 
National Bodies continue observations until 1979 for the International Magnetospheric Study at the 
places involved in the GMP. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1977):  Long-term recording of geomagnetic pulsations in Northern Europe}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1977):  Long-term recording of geomagnetic pulsations in Northern Europe}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the effort put forth in Northern Europe by the U. K., the U.S.S.R. and other 
countries for recording geomagnetic pulsations, {\bf urges} the responsible authorities in those countries 
to collaborate in preparing a long-term project which will yield both accurate measures of the position 
and the form of the plasmasphere and information about the variability of the interplanetary medium 
characteristics. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1977):  Electrical conductivity of the asthenosphere (ELAS) project}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1977):  Electrical conductivity of the asthenosphere (ELAS) project}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that the asthenosphere plays an important role in geodynamics and in the study of 
electrical conductivity of the Earth and that this is interesting to Working Group 3 of Division I, 
{\bf recommends} to National Adherents support for the creation of an ad hoc Committee to prepare a 
Programme for a project ``Electrical Conductivity of the Asthenosphere'' (ELAS) to concentrate effort 
during 1978-1985 on magnetic and magnetotelluric measurements and their comparison with heat 
flow and seismic measurements. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1977):  Continued operation of traditional magnetic observation system}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1977):  Continued operation of traditional magnetic observation system}
IAGA, {\bf aware} of the desirability of obtaining digital records at
all magnetic observatories but {\bf noting}
the importance of maintaining observatory standards for monitoring accurately the secular change, 
{\bf recommends} continued operation of the traditional system at least until the digital system has been 
proven to be equal in performance. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1977):  Continued production of magnetograms}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1977):  Continued production of magnetograms}
IAGA, {\bf aware} of the increasing use of digital recording magnetometers but {\bf noting} the utility of the 
analogue records, in particular for submission to World Data Centres, {\bf recommends} in addition to 
production of digital records, the continued production of analogue records, whether by traditional 
instruments or from digital data. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1977):  Continuity of secular change record at a change of geomagnetic observatory}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1977):  Continuity of secular change record at a change of geomagnetic observatory}
IAGA, {\bf considering} that determining secular change and other magnetic parameters needs long-term 
operation of magnetic observatories but may require the movement of an observatory to a new site 
because of artificial disturbances, {\bf recommends} that

\begin{compactenum}[(i)]
  \item repeat stations be set up near each observatory to preserve the secular change record in the 
  event of a change of the observatory base reference,
  \item when it becomes obvious that an observatory should be moved, plans be made to operate 
  instruments simultaneously at the old and the new sites for a period of at least one year. 
\end{compactenum}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.10 (1977):  Prompt data supply for magnetic charts to WDCs}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.10 (1977):  Prompt data supply for magnetic charts to WDCs}
IAGA, {\bf considering} that accurate magnetic charts are heavily dependent on the use of worldwide and 
up-to-date data, {\bf urges} that vector survey data (land, sea and air), repeat station observations, 
observatory annual means, and low-level satellite data be sent to the World Data Centres as promptly 
as possible. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.11 (1977):  Conversion of magnetic records to microfilms by WDCs}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.11 (1977):  Conversion of magnetic records to microfilms by WDCs}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that the staff of World Data Center A for Solar-Terrestrial Physics has made two 
extended trips during which magnetograms and hourly-value tables for submission to World Data 
Centres have been successfully microfilmed at magnetic observatories which had found it difficult to 
do this, {\bf urges} that all the World Data Centres arrange such trips in order to make these data 
available to the scientific community. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.12 (1977):  Thanks to WDC-A (STP) for AE derivation}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.12 (1977):  Thanks to WDC-A (STP) for AE derivation}
IAGA, {\bf thanks} World Data Center A for Solar-Terrestrial Physics for the yearly publication of AE-
indices from 1966 up to, and including, 1974, and for the monthly publication of AE-indices which 
have been prepared specially for the International Magnetospheric Study, beginning with January 
1976, and {\bf urges} 

\begin{compactenum}[(i)]
  \item contributing stations to maintain the rapid flow of magnetograms necessary for the 
  production of these indices, 
  \item other World Data Centres to participate in the digitisation required   for the derivation of the 
  indices, both for prompt use during the IMS and for publication in the IAGA Bulletin 32 series, and 
  continues to urge the establishment of new magnetic observatories to improve the distribution, in 
  both geomagnetic latitude and geomagnetic longitude, of the contributing stations. 
\end{compactenum}

\subsection*{Resolution No.13 (1977):  Thanks to BAS for southern hemispheric magnetic observations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.13 (1977):  Thanks to BAS for southern hemispheric magnetic observations}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the scarcity of magnetic observatories in the Southern Hemisphere and hence 
the importance of the British Antarctic Survey observatories for monitoring planetary magnetic activity 
and secular change, and also for studying Sq variations, magnetospheric phenomena and conjugate 
relationships, {\bf thanks} the BAS for maintaining their observatories and {\bf urges} that every effort be 
made to continue this service which is of importance to the scientific community. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.14 (1977):  Ground magnetic measurements for MAGSAT project}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.14 (1977):  Ground magnetic measurements for MAGSAT project}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that optimum benefit from the planned geomagnetic survey by the satellite 
MAGSAT, expected to be launched in September 1979, can result only if accurate ground-based 
measurements are carried out at observatories and repeat stations, especially in the regions where 
they are sparse, in order to obtain improved information on the secular change of the geomagnetic 
field, {\bf urges} its Member Countries to support such measurements. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.15 (1977):  A course, ``Physics of the Earth'',  at ICTP, Trieste}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.15 (1977):  A course, ``Physics of the Earth'',  at ICTP, Trieste}
IAGA, {\bf welcomes} the introduction of a course, ``Physics of the Earth'', at the International Centre for 
Theoretical Physics, Trieste, and {\bf suggests} that future courses at this Centre might include in addition 
practical training of personnel for geophysical observatories and surveys. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.16 (1977):  National magnetic anomaly maps with common scale and projection}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.16 (1977):  National magnetic anomaly maps with common scale and projection}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the interest of global magnetic anomalies, {\bf urges} Member Countries to produce
national magnetic anomaly maps to lead to the ultimate production of an international magnetic 
anomaly map using, for comparison, the same scale and the same projection as those of the world 
geological map. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.17 (1977):  Understandable discussion in English or French}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.17 (1977):  Understandable discussion in English or French}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that a prime purpose of its Assemblies should be to `provide an opportunity, on an 
international basis, for discussion' (Art. 1 of the Statutes), {\bf urges} chairmen or conveners of sessions 
to take care that speakers, in particular those whose native language is English or French, be 
understandable by Delegates from other Member Countries. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution  (1977):  Welcome of participants from Taiwan}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution  (1977):  Welcome of participants from Taiwan}
IAGA, {\bf welcomes}  the accession of the People's Republic of China to the Union; {\bf regrets} the change
in membership status of the Taiwan geophysical community; and {\bf affirms} that the Association will 
continue to welcome members of the Taiwan scientific community as individual participants in the 
Assemblies of the Association in accordance with By-Law 16c. 
 
 
\section*{XVI IUGG General Assembly, Grenoble, 1975}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{XVI IUGG General Assembly, Grenoble, 1975}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_14_1975.pdf}{IAGA News No.\,14, 1975, p 3-14}.
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1975):  Filming of magnetograms by visiting WDC representative}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1975):  Filming of magnetograms by visiting WDC representative}
IAGA, {\bf noting} that some observatories find it difficult to microfilm their magnetograms and hourly-
value tables for submission to the World Data Center, {\bf urges} the observatories concerned to offer 
their records to a visiting World Data Center representative for filming in order to make these data 
available to the scientific community. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1975):  Discussion with IAGA on any proposed change of magnetic observatories}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1975):  Discussion with IAGA on any proposed change of magnetic observatories}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the increasing importance of permanent magnetic observatory recordings to the 
understanding of many fundamental concepts in the geophysical sciences, in addition to their 
necessary contributions to practical applications, {\bf urges} that any proposal to change the number and 
distribution of magnetic observatories be discussed with IAGA. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1975):  Publication of aa indices in IAGA Bulletin 32}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1975):  Publication of aa indices in IAGA Bulletin 32}
IAGA, {\bf considering} that the three-hourly indices ``aa'' constitute a homogeneous series for 
quantitative estimation of geomagnetic activity beginning with the year 1868, {\bf recommends} the yearly 
publication of the ``aa'' indices in place of the Ci-indices in the IAGA Bulletin 32 beginning with the 
data for the year 1975. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1975):  In situ and polar cap indices for monitoring solar wind state}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1975):  In situ and polar cap indices for monitoring solar wind state}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of in situ indices that reflect the state of the solar wind for the 
Travelling Inter-planetary Phenomena Program of SCOSTEP planned in 1976, 1977, and 1978 and 
for the International Magnetospheric Study, {\bf recommends} that those indices that are dependent on 
the existence of dedicated satellite coverage become available to the World Data Center, and that 
studies continue in order to improve the indices inferred from the interpretation of activity on polar-cap 
magnetograms, as long as final, in situ indices are not fully available. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1975):  Thanks to the Observatorio del Ebro for their list of rapid variations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1975):  Thanks to the Observatorio del Ebro for their list of rapid variations}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of the lists of rapid variations prepared by the Observatorio del 
Ebro and published in IAGA, Bulletins 12 and 32 series for the development of the understanding of 
classification of these events, {\bf thanks} the Observatory for its long service in this field. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1975): Sending the data for listing rapid variations to Observatorio del Ebro}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1975): Sending the data for listing rapid variations to Observatorio del Ebro}
IAGA, {\bf recommends} that the publication of pulsations, bays, and s.i. be discontinued after reporting 
the data for 1974 and that the list of s.c.c., s.f.e., and unusual events continue to be provided by the 
Observatorio del Ebro for publication in the IAGA, Bulletins 32 and {\bf recommends} that the present 
procedure should be supplemented by sending copies of magnetograms from selected low-latitude 
stations to del Ebro Observatory on request (sic) 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1975):  Magnetograms for continuous and rapid AE derivation} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1975):  Magnetograms for continuous and rapid AE derivation} 
IAGA, {\bf noting} with satisfaction that AE-indices have now been prepared for the years 1966 through 
1973 by World Data Center A for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, and {\bf recognising} the need for even more 
rapid preparation of AE-indices during the International Magnetospheric Study, {\bf urges} that the flow of 
magnetograms from contributing stations be even more rapid and {\bf hopes} that other WDC's will assist 
in their digitisation to permit the routine derivation of AE-indices both for prompt use during the IMS 
and for publication in the IAGA, Bulletin 32 series. Furthermore, IAGA {\bf urges} the establishment of 
new magnetic observatories to improve the distribution, in both geomagnetic latitude and longitude, of 
the contributing stations used for AE-indices.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1975):  Modernisation of ionosondes}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1975):  Modernisation of ionosondes}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} the value of high-frequency radio soundings of the ionosphere by ionosondes and 
other sounding systems (drift, doppler, and angle-of-arrival), and {\bf being aware}, that the world network 
of ionosonde stations now consist  mainly of limited-purpose and aging instruments that are thus 
inadequate for IMS and aeronomical needs, {\bf encourages} national plans toward the modernisation of 
ionosondes, particularly to introduce digitisation of all relevant echo data and to include new features 
in the equipment permitting efficient conversion of the data to geophysical parameters. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1975):  Governmental support for the WDCs}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1975):  Governmental support for the WDCs}
IAGA {\bf recognises} the support provided by various national governments for the World Data Centers 
for their necessary services to the scientific community and {\bf urges} these governments to continue this 
support.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.10 (1975):  World magnetic surveys by low-altitude satellite}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.10 (1975):  World magnetic surveys by low-altitude satellite}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that available surface data are not sufficient for the accurate definition of the main 
geomagnetic field, and {\bf noting} that no satellite measurements useful for this purpose have been 
made since early 1971, and that none is definitively planned for the future, {\bf urges} that world magnetic 
surveys by low-altitude satellite be conducted. Because of uncertainties in field models derived from 
scalar data alone, IAGA {\bf recommends} that such surveys measure the field components with the 
appropriate accuracy. Furthermore, because of the critical importance of the secular variation in the 
definition of the main geomagnetic field. IAGA {\bf urges} the prompt release of the data through the 
World Data Centers to the scientific community. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.11 (1975):  Archive of old reports and collections}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.11 (1975):  Archive of old reports and collections}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that reports of many expeditions and important collections of older observations 
have not been adequately distributed, {\bf recommends} that the preparing institutes or present holders of 
older archival material of this type be encouraged to provide information concerning their holdings to 
the World Data Centers, and the World Data Centers be encouraged to maintain bibliographies and 
catalogues of important monographs. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.12 (1975):  Thanks to General Secretary and continued publication of IAGA News}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.12 (1975):  Thanks to General Secretary and continued publication of IAGA News}
IAGA {\bf expresses} its thanks to the retiring General Secretary for creating and editing IAGA News, 
{\bf urges} the continued publication of IAGA News and {\bf recommends} its wide distribution to geophysical 
observatories as well as to research workers. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.13 (1975):  Middle Atmospheric Program (MAP)}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.13 (1975):  Middle Atmospheric Program (MAP)}
IAGA, {\bf noting} the recent concern for the formulation of a comprehensive program of study of the 
middle atmosphere, essentially the stratosphere and mesosphere in relation with the lower 
ionosphere, and {\bf recognising} that the present programs of GARP and IMS are not intended to 
provide such a study, {\bf endorses} the concept of the Middle Atmosphere Program (MAP), formerly 
SESAME (Structure and Energetics of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere), as an interdisciplinary 
program at present under SCOSTEP, with global scope and the requirements of international 
cooperation, to which IAGA expects to make substantial scientific contributions. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.14 (1975):  IGRF1975}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.14 (1975):  IGRF1975}
IAGA {\bf recommends} that, for the period 1975.0 to 1980.0, the original International Geomagnetic 
Reference Field (IGRF 1965) be replaced by IGRF 1975. \\
\\
{\it [Note: Resolutions numbers 10 and 13 above were subsequently made into IUGG Resolutions. In 
addition, the following Resolution of interest to IAGA, was also passed as an IUGG Resolution.]} 

\subsection*{IUGG Resolution No.14 (1975): Thanks to the CGPAIGH}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{IUGG Resolution No.14 (1975): Thanks to the CGPAIGH}
IUGG, {\bf recognising} the support provided by the Commission on Geophysics of the Pan American 
Institute of Geography and History in a program of calibrating against international standards the 
instruments of the magnetic observatories in Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Brazil, IUGG 
{\bf expresses its thanks} for the funds provided and the generous cooperation of the institutions and 
scientists involved. 
 
 
\section*{2\textsuperscript{nd} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Kyoto, 1973}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{2\textsuperscript{nd} IAGA Scientific Assembly, Kyoto, 1973}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_12_1973.pdf}{IAGA News, September 1973, No.\,12}. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution of Thanks (1973):  Thanks to LOC}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution of Thanks (1973):  Thanks to LOC}
The International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy wishes to express its warmest {\bf thanks} 
to the Science Council of Japan for their invitation to hold the Second General Scientific Assembly in 
Kyoto.  In particular, IAGA wishes to thank Honorary Chairman T Nagata, Chairman T Rikitake, 
Executive Secretaries N Fukushima, R Obayashi and H Maeda and the many able members of the 
Japanese Organizing Committee for the excellent preparations and arrangements they made for our 
meeting. \\
IAGA also wishes to {\bf thank} especially Professor and Mrs. S Kato who led in the planning and 
organisation of a most pleasant and informative Ladies Program, and all the participants are grateful 
to the people of the beautiful city of Kyoto for their gracious hospitality. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1973):  Attendance of elected IAGA officers and speakers at Assemblies}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1973):  Attendance of elected IAGA officers and speakers at Assemblies}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the importance of the systematic and orderly development of the sciences of 
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, and the cost and manpower spent in organising related activities, 
{\bf calls to the attention} of adhering bodies in participating countries the necessity of having elected 
and appointed IAGA officers and speakers attend the Assemblies in order to fulfill their 
responsibilities in the interest of efficiency and economy for all concerned. Therefore, IAGA 
{\bf recommends} that if the adhering body finds that, for any reason, such an official of IAGA or invited 
speaker can not attend an Assembly, the adhering body should notify the General Secretary at least 
six months before the Assembly so that others can be invited or appointed to serve in order to avoid 
gaps in the programs and other work of the Association. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1973):  Frequency range of artificial electromagnetic emissions} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1973):  Frequency range of artificial electromagnetic emissions} 
 IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of the continued study of natural electromagnetic phenomena 
and the fact that man-made sources of electromagnetic energy continue to increase in a way that 
tends to obscure these natural phenomena, {\bf recommends} that adhering countries make an effort to 
set aside reservations in which man-made sources of electromagnetic energy in the frequency range 
of interest to IAGA are excluded so as to preserve such areas in which natural electromagnetic 
phenomena can be studied in years to come. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1973):  SI  Units}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1973):  SI  Units}
IAGA, {\bf considering} that SI Units are achieving international recognition as a single standard for 
worldwide use, {\bf recommends} adoption of SI Units in the field of geomagnetism. Specifically IAGA 
{\bf recommends} that:

\begin{enumerate}
  \item
  \begin{compactenum}[(a)] 
    \item Values of the geomagnetic "field" be expressed in terms of the magnetic induction B (SI Unit tesla = Weber/meter [squared])
    \item If it is desired to express values in gamma, a note should be added stating that "one gamma is equal to one nanotesla".
  \end{compactenum}
  \item
  \begin{compactenum}[(a)] 
    \item Values of "intensity of magnetisation" be expressed in terms of magnetisation M (SI Unit Ampere/meter). 
    \item If it is desired to express values in e.m.u., a note should be added stating that "one e.m.u. is equal to 1000\,ampere/meter".
  \end{compactenum}
  \item
  \begin{compactenum}[(a)] 
    \item Values of susceptibility be expressed as a ratio between magnetisation M and the magnetic field H.
    \item If, during the transitional period, it is desired to use values of susceptibility in e.m.u., a note should be added stating 
    that "[chi] SI is equal to 4 [pi] [chi] e.m.u.". 
  \end{compactenum}
\end{enumerate}

 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1973):  Brightness of auroras}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1973):  Brightness of auroras}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the progress in absolute auroral photometry and the theoretical understanding of 
the connection between N+2 IN band intensity and particle-energy input, {\bf recommends} that in the 
future the brightness of auroras be reported whenever possible in terms of the intensity of the 4278 
Angstrom N+2 band (preferably in conjunction with those of 5577 Angstrom and 6300 Angstrom [OI], 
4861 Angstrom H-beta, and other features where appropriate). The use of International Brightness 
Coefficients should be strictly confined to the reporting of visual estimates. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1973):  Joint working group with IUGS}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1973):  Joint working group with IUGS}
IAGA {\bf noting} the existence of the sub-commission on magnetic stratigraphy within the International 
Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) {\bf requests} that the IUGS establish a joint working group with 
IAGA on this topic. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1973):  Geomagnetic data obtained at temporary or variation stations} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1973):  Geomagnetic data obtained at temporary or variation stations} 
IAGA {\bf recommends} that records and data from temporary magnetic observatories or variation 
stations established for special problem-solving be offered to the WDCs when the records are 
considered to be of possible value to other scientists. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1973):  Information to be contained on the microfilms sent to WDCs}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1973):  Information to be contained on the microfilms sent to WDCs}
IAGA {\bf recommends} that all observatories ensure that the microfilm sent to World Data Centers 
(WDCs) contain at least the information contained in a list to be provided by WDCs. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1973):  Rapid flow of magnetograms from AE stations to WDC-A}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1973):  Rapid flow of magnetograms from AE stations to WDC-A}
IAGA notes with satisfaction the recent derivation and publications of AE- indices from eleven 
stations, AE(11), for 1970 by Word Data Center-A, {\bf urges} that the rapid flow of magnetograms from 
these stations continue in order to permit the routine derivation of AE-indices in time for publication in 
the IAGA Bulletin No.\,32-series. IAGA {\bf encourages} the establishment of new magnetic observatories 
to improve the AE-index by filling longitudinal gaps in the distribution of the present AE(11)-stations. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1973):  Micropulsation interval days}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1973):  Micropulsation interval days}
IAGA {\bf recommends} that the ``micropulsation interval days'' be suppressed from the International 
Geophysical Calendar because these days are not specifically used by the major part of the scientific 
community. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.10 (1973):  Use of the term ``magnetic pulsation'' or  ``pulsation''}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.10 (1973):  Use of the term ``magnetic pulsation'' or  ``pulsation''}
IAGA {\bf recommends} the use of the term ``magnetic pulsation'' or simply ``pulsation'' instead of 
``micropulsation'' for the following reasons:

\begin{compactenum}[(a)]
  \item The amplitude of pulsations is often large with respect to the main field in the outer magnetosphere.
  \item The wavelength of pulsations may be large with respect to the size of the earth. 
\end{compactenum}

\subsection*{Resolution No.11 (1973):  Pc6 and Pi3 pulsations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.11 (1973):  Pc6 and Pi3 pulsations}
IAGA {\bf recommends} the addition of two classes of pulsations to the existing classifications:  Pc6 for 
continuous pulsations with periods longer than 600\,seconds and Pi3 for irregular pulsations with 
periods longer than 150\,seconds. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.12 (1973):  All-sky cameras during the IMS}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.12 (1973):  All-sky cameras during the IMS}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the great value of knowing the instantaneous global pattern of auroral 
precipitation in order to relate it to localised measurements in the magnetosphere, {\bf recommends} that 
all countries having territories lying within auroral latitudes should, during the IMS, cooperate in 
operating enough all-sky cameras, and photometers where possible, to provide adequate coverage 
across all longitudes. {\bf It is specifically recommended} that all-sky cameras be operated at all auroral 
magnetometer stations. IAGA further {\bf recommends} that all countries having satellites in orbit with 
auroral detection capabilities at the time of the IMS, should endeavour to continue these 
measurements during the IMS. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.13 (1973):  Ground magnetometer chains during the IMS}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.13 (1973):  Ground magnetometer chains during the IMS}
IAGA {\bf notes} that the coming International Magnetospheric Study requires extensive chains of ground 
(magnetic) stations for use in conjunction with satellite measurements. The IAGA strongly 
{\bf recommends} that its member nations fill gaps in the existing networks where these fall within their 
territories. Where feasible, IAGA {\bf urges} data be gathered and distributed with minimum delay to aid in 
the coordination of ground, balloon, and rocket experiments. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.14 (1973):  Conjugate point and satellite observation for GMP program}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.14 (1973):  Conjugate point and satellite observation for GMP program}
IAGA {\bf notes} with satisfaction that, in accordance with IAGA Resolution 2 at the Moscow Assembly, an 
ad hoc working group for coordination of the Geomagnetic Meridian Project (GMP) program has been 
established and considerable progress has been made in setting up observing stations along the 105 
and 145 degree geomagnetic meridians. In relation to the GMP program, IAGA {\bf stresses} the need for 
conjugate point studies and for measurements by polar-orbiting satellites of magnetic and electric 
fields. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.15 (1973):  Geomagnetic observation in the southern hemisphere}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.15 (1973):  Geomagnetic observation in the southern hemisphere}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the need for better models of variations of the geomagnetic field (in particular, 
secular changes, disturbances, and longitudinal changes in Sq and L) and {\bf recognising} the 
dependence of such models on a suitable geographical distribution of the data, {\bf urges} that every 
effort be made to improve the distribution and density of observatories in the southern hemisphere. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.16 (1973):  Repeat stations in remote regions and islands}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.16 (1973):  Repeat stations in remote regions and islands}
IAGA, {\bf considering} the great need for improvement of knowledge of recent secular change, 
{\bf recommends} a renewed effort to re-occupy repeat stations, particularly in remote regions and 
islands. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.17 (1973):  International project for a satellite magnetic survey}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.17 (1973):  International project for a satellite magnetic survey}
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that a global model of the geomagnetic field can be maintained accurately by 
periodic surveys that should include low-altitude satellite measurements of the vector components, 
and {\bf noting} that the last survey (total field only) ended in 1971, {\bf recommends} the establishment of an 
``International Project for a Satellite Magnetic Survey'' with a steering committee to solicit support from 
appropriate National Committees. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.18 (1973):  IGRF1965 and 1975}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.18 (1973):  IGRF1965 and 1975}
IAGA, {\bf considering} that a need exists for a geomagnetic reference field satisfying at least some of 
several diverse requirements, {\bf recommends} that the International Geomagnetic Reference Field 
1965.0 (IGRF 1965.0) be retained as a standard until 1975.0 after which time it will be replaced by 
IGRF 1975.0. It is requested that all pertinent observational data be deposited in World Data Centers 
by 1 January 1975. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.19 (1973):  Speed for normal magnetographs}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.19 (1973):  Speed for normal magnetographs}
IAGA {\bf recommends} a recording speed for normal magnetographs of 20 mm/hour to provide 
uniformity of record format. New observatories are urged to obtain equipment for this recording speed 
and existing stations are urged to consider modification of present equipment.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.20 (1973):  IAGA's interest in the SESAME program}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.20 (1973):  IAGA's interest in the SESAME program}
IAGA, {\bf having accepted} responsibilities for some topics in the Atmospheric Physics Programs 
proposed by SCOSTEP, {\bf agrees} to name three representatives to the Steering Committee for 
Atmospheric Physics Programs, and {\bf agrees} to assign responsibility for IAGA's interests in the 
SESAME (Structure and Energetics of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere) program to the proposed 
joint IAGA-IAMAP Working Group on Stratospheric and Mesospheric Processes. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.21 (1973):  Importance of data and records of observation in previous epochs} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.21 (1973):  Importance of data and records of observation in previous epochs} 
IAGA, {\bf recognising} that data and records of observations made in previous epochs will be of great 
importance in the study of the long-term variation of the aeronomic and geomagnetic aspects of the 
earth and its environment, IAGA {\bf recommends} that each country take appropriate action to catalogue 
and to preserve such historically important data to advise the scientific community of their availability.   
 
\section*{XV IUGG General Assembly, Moscow, 1971}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{XV IUGG General Assembly, Moscow, 1971}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_10_1971.pdf}{IAGA News, August 1971, No.\,10}.
 
\subsection*{Resolution of Thanks  (1971):  Thanks to LOC} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution of Thanks  (1971):  Thanks to LOC} 
The International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy
{\bf expresses} its warmest {\bf thanks}
to the Organizing Committee of the Soviet Academy of Sciences for the XV IUGG General Assembly. In 
particular it expresses {\bf thanks} to Academician AP Vinogradov, President of the Organizing 
Committee; Professor VV Beloussov, Vice President of the Organizing Committee; Dr BS Volvovsky, 
General Secretary of the Organizing Committee; Dr AD Powsner, General Secretary of the 
Geophysical Committees; Dr K Yu Zybin, who was responsible for Geomagnetism and Aeronomy 
arrangements, and to Mrs. NA Beloussova for most interesting arrangements for the Ladies. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1971):  IUGG endorsement to IMS program}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1971):  IUGG endorsement to IMS program}
{\bf Noting}, the COSPAR and IUCSTP decision taken at their Seattle meetings in May 1971 to support 
and approve the First Report of the IMS Special Study Group and to recommend that subsequent to 
the completion of its task with the issue of the Second Report, the present IMS Special Study Group 
be dissolved and replaced by an appropriate body, the IAGA {\bf recommends} that IUGG {\bf endorses} the
principle of the proposed IMS program and set up a working group in IUGG to consider particularly 
the ground-based, rocket-borne and balloon-borne research programs which are closely related to 
the proposed IMS program. \\
\\
{\it(Note: This Resolution was later passed by the IUGG as an official IUGG Resolution in a slightly modified form.)}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1971):  Project Magnetic Meridian}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1971):  Project Magnetic Meridian}
IAGA {\bf confirms} Resolutions 6, 7 and 12 adopted at its 1969 Assembly in Madrid and {\bf stresses} the 
great scientific importance of the project Geomagnetic Meridian for simultaneous ground observations 
along the geomagnetic meridians of 105 - 155 degrees and 140-150 degrees E and covering latitudes 
extending from the auroral zone to the equator. This project is planned for the 1973-75 period. IAGA 
also {\bf recognising} the need for related satellite observations and strongly supports the launching of 
the geostationary satellite ATS-F, which will be positioned near-by geomagnetic meridian 100.5 
degrees E. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1971):  MONSEE program}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1971):  MONSEE program}
IAGA {\bf strongly supports} the proposal of the IUCSTP to extend the multidisciplinary patrol 
observations of solar activity and related geophysical phenomena after the end of the IASY in 1971 
as a special extended multidisciplinary IUCSTP project for monitoring of Sun-Earth Environment 
(MONSEE) at least through the next solar cycle. IAGA {\bf recommends} the appropriate commissions 
take an active part in working out MONSEE programs. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1971):  Analytical centre on secular variation}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1971):  Analytical centre on secular variation}
The IAGA Assembly {\bf accepts} with gratitude the proposal of IZMIRAN to organise and manage for 
IAGA an analytical centre on secular variation with the following functions:

\begin{compactenum}[(1)]
  \item Collection of data on secular variations form magnetic observatories and from repeat stations; 
  \item Publication of secular variation charts and tables of annual values of magnetic elements from magnetic observatories;
  \item Spherical harmonic analysis of secular variation.
\end{compactenum}

The Statue of this centre must be drafted by IZMIRAN with the help of the chairmen of Commissions I and II. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1971):  Lunar tidal parameters}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1971):  Lunar tidal parameters}
{\bf Considering} the great progress made in recent years in the determination of lunar tidal parameters 
in data for individual stations, IAGA {\bf recommends} that in future work particular emphasis be placed 
on regional and global studies and on theoretical interpretation of the phenomena. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1971):  Links between SGC and Australian institutions} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1971):  Links between SGC and Australian institutions} 
The IAGA, {\bf on the basis} of Resolution No.\,8 adopted at Madrid in 1969, and {\bf considering}
that the Soviet institutions are ready to start geophysical observations (magnetic variations,
VLF, ionospheric absorption, and vertical sounding) at several locations near Petropavlovsk and
Topolovka, which are conjugate to Canberra and Hobart, {\bf recommends} that effective links be
established between the Soviet Geophysical Committee and the appropriate Australian institutions
to bring this program into operation. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1971):  Magnetograms at Colaba and Alibag since 1872}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1971):  Magnetograms at Colaba and Alibag since 1872}
{\bf Considering} the great value of the century-long series of magnetograms collected since 1872 at the 
geomagnetic observatories of Colaba and Alibag (Bombay) to the international scientific community, 
IAGA {\bf recommends} that arrangements be made through appropriate authorities of India  
i) for the preservation of all the original magnetograms by preparing a few microfilm copies and 
depositing them in Indian and International World Data Centers and 
ii) for appropriate scaling of the records of the period 1872-1924. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1971):  Project Geophysical Test Ground in the Antarctic}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1971):  Project Geophysical Test Ground in the Antarctic}
IAGA {\bf endorses} the project Geophysical Test Ground in the Antarctic scheduled for 1975 which is 
intended to:

\begin{compactenum}[(1)]
  \item Determine the locations and minimal number of stations required for analysis of the temporal and 
  spatial distributions of high-latitude geophysical variations;
  \item Investigate the  effect of geophysical variations on the state of the lower atmosphere;
  \item Continue the work associating geophysical variations in the polar cap with various parameters of 
  the solar wind and the structure of the interplanetary magnetic field. 
\end{compactenum}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1971):  Arequipa observatory}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1971):  Arequipa observatory}
The IAGA, {\bf recognising} the importance of observations from the southern hemisphere, particularly in 
 the vicinity of the equatorial electrojet, notes with satisfaction the observations made at Arequipa and 
supplied to the World Data Centers, and {\bf recommends} the continuation of this good work. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.10 (1971):  Magnetic observation in the southern hemisphere}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.10 (1971):  Magnetic observation in the southern hemisphere}
The IAGA {\bf considering} the need for recent data on a global scale, {\bf recommends} the establishment 
of magnetic observatories in the region where the present coverage is sparse especially in the 
southern hemisphere, and strongly {\bf urges} that existing observatories make their results available 
through transmission to the World Data Centers and prompt publication of yearbooks. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.11 (1971):  Meteor drift studies}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.11 (1971):  Meteor drift studies}
IAGA {\bf notes} with satisfaction the implementations of the recommendation, made at the XIV General 
Assembly, that meteor drift studies be extended to the equatorial expeditions of the Academy of 
Sciences of the USSR (1968-1970). IAGA {\bf supports} the extension of this technique for investigating 
the global circulation in the upper atmosphere. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.12 (1971):  Cooperation in meteor wind and ionospheric drift studies}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.12 (1971):  Cooperation in meteor wind and ionospheric drift studies}
IAGA {\bf welcomes} the developing regional cooperation in meteor wind and ionospheric drift studies, 
based on the work in the USSR, France and UK. IAGA {\bf recommends} that this coordination be 
extended to other areas (USA, Australia, New Zealand, etc.) 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.13 (1971):  Contents of the Bulletin No.12 series} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.13 (1971):  Contents of the Bulletin No.12 series} 
Reflecting the current needs of the scientific community, IAGA {\bf recommends} that the following 
changes be made as soon practicable in the contents of the Bulletin No.\,12 series:

\begin{compactenum}[1)]
  \item To include, in addition to the planetary indices Kp and its derivatives, the indices Dst, AE, Km, Kn, 
  and Ks.
  \item To include data on magnetic storms, including reproductions of magnetograms for the H-component, 
  reduced to the same time scale and comparable intensity scales, from 12 to 16 observatories for approximately 
  ten storms each year. 
  \item To discontinue the publication of K-indices from individual observatories in the Bulletin; instead these 
  K-indices be stored in magnetic tape wherever practicable in the World Data Centers. 
\end{compactenum}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.14 (1971):  Archaeomagnetic samples from Australia, Middle East and Africa}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.14 (1971):  Archaeomagnetic samples from Australia, Middle East and Africa}
IAGA {\bf recommends} that every possible effort be made to obtain archaeomagnetic samples from the 
areas of Australia, Middle East, and Africa by well qualified workers. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.15 (1971):  Study of conductive layers in the depth range 20 to 100\,km} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.15 (1971):  Study of conductive layers in the depth range 20 to 100\,km} 
IAGA {\bf stresses} the importance of the study of conductive layers in the intermediate depth range 20 to 
100\,km, especially in view of the relevance of such studies to partial melting in the upper mantle. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.16 (1971):  Deep soundings along east-west profile in Eurasia}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.16 (1971):  Deep soundings along east-west profile in Eurasia}
IAGA {\bf supports} the collaboration of scientists making magnetotelluric and geomagnetic deep 
soundings along an extended east-west profile in Eurasia, the stations of which should be located 
with due regard to tectonic features. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.17 (1971):  Collaborative palaeomagnetic and radiometric dating research}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.17 (1971):  Collaborative palaeomagnetic and radiometric dating research}
IAGA {\bf recommends} urgently that member countries support collaborative palaeomagnetic and 
radiometric dating research for the purposes of:  
1)  determining the reversal time scale more accurately using rocks from all countries 
2)  obtaining more information about the fine structure of polarity events and polarity transitions. 

\subsection*{Resolution No.18 (1971):  Data from polar cap geomagnetic stations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.18 (1971):  Data from polar cap geomagnetic stations}
IAGA {\bf asks} the stations: Resolute Bay, Thule and Vostok to provide the data on diurnal Z variations to 
IZMIRAN (USSR Academy of Sciences) for experimentally determining an index characterising the 
interplanetary field sector structure. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.19 (1971):  Coordinated rocket, satellite and incoherent radar programs}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.19 (1971):  Coordinated rocket, satellite and incoherent radar programs}
IAGA {\bf supports} the Resolution of XIV Plenary Meeting of COSPAR in which it was recommended to 
agencies supporting atmospheric research that the planning of coordinated rocket, satellite, and 
incoherent radar backscatter programs include simultaneous composition measurements with all 
available techniques for the purpose of cross-calibration and the obtaining of systematic data. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.20 (1971):  Coordinated measurements of the thermospheric parameters} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.20 (1971):  Coordinated measurements of the thermospheric parameters} 
IAGA {\bf recommends} coordinated measurements of the temperature, composition, and density of the 
thermosphere with different methods for improvement of the knowledge of the diurnal variations of 
structural parameters and of their dependencies on latitude. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.21 (1971):  Vector field measurement at repeat stations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.21 (1971):  Vector field measurement at repeat stations}
The IAGA {\bf recognising} the shortage and poor distribution of present ground level data for evaluating 
geomagnetic secular change, {\bf urges} all countries to measure the vector field at their repeat stations 
at least once in 10 years, more frequently in regions with special features (e.g. secular variation foci, 
tectonically anomalous areas, etc.) and, where appropriate, to set up repeat stations on the islands of 
the South Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and to report results promptly to World Data Centers or 
organisations that prepare world charts. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.22 (1971):  Surface magnetic survey}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.22 (1971):  Surface magnetic survey}
The IAGA {\bf recognising} that, even though the World Magnetic Survey is concluded, surface survey 
data are still needed in some areas and {\bf urges} all countries to make suitable observations. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.23 (1971):  Continuation of vector surveys over marine areas}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.23 (1971):  Continuation of vector surveys over marine areas}
The IAGA {\bf recognising} the vital contribution of vector surveys over marine areas to our knowledge of 
the geomagnetic field and {\bf urges} their continuation. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.24 (1971):  Low-altitude satellite survey}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.24 (1971):  Low-altitude satellite survey}
The IAGA {\bf recognising} the valuable contribution made by near-earth  satellites and {\bf recommends} a 
resurvey by low-level satellites not later than 1976.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.25 (1971):  IGRF}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.25 (1971):  IGRF}
The IAGA {\bf recommends}

\begin{compactenum}[(1)]
  \item that the present International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) be retained until at least 1973.5
  \item that future evaluations should always include an assessment of the IGRF and 
  \item that comparisons between observed and computed values should always include an assessment of the IGRF and
  \item that results using other reference fields should also be compared with IGRF. 
\end{compactenum}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.26 (1971):  World Magnetic Archive} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.26 (1971):  World Magnetic Archive} 
The IAGA {\bf recommends} that as a contribution to the World Magnetic Archive, numerical magnetic-
observatory data, past and current, be put into machine-readable form whenever practicable for 
transmittal to a WDDC and that pre-IGY magnetograms and hourly-value tables be microfilmed for 
transmittal to a WDC. 


\section*{1$^{\rm st }$ IAGA Scientific Assembly, Madrid, 1969}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{1$^{\rm st }$ IAGA Scientific Assembly, Madrid, 1969}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_08_1969.pdf}{IAGA News, September 1969, No.\,8}.
 
\subsection*{Resolution of Thanks  (1969):  Thanks for Madrid assemblies}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution of Thanks  (1969):  Thanks for Madrid assemblies}

\begin{compactenum}[A.]
\item The International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior and the 
International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy express their warmest thanks to

\begin{itemize}
  \item the Vice Minister of the Spanish Government
  \item the Minister of Education and Science
  \item the Minister of Information and Tourism
\end{itemize}

for the personal interest which they have taken in the organisational problems of the two General 
Scientific Assemblies, and for the support which they have given to these assemblies in Madrid from 
the 1\textsuperscript{st} to the 12\textsuperscript{th} September 1969. 
 
\item The International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior and the 
International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy warmly thank the Superior Council for 
Scientific Research and its President, Professor Lora-Tomayo for the direct support given to the 
organisation of the two general scientific assemblies by means of a secretariat which was highly 
effective from the start, as well as for their constant work which led to the harmonious development of 
these assemblies in Madrid from the 1\textsuperscript{st} to the 12\textsuperscript{th} September 1969. 
 
\item The International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior and the 
International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy sincerely thank Admiral J. Garcia-Frias, 
Director of the Geographic Institute, and the other members of this Institute both for the excellent 
preparation of the two general scientific assemblies in Madrid from the 1\textsuperscript{st} to the 12\textsuperscript{th} September 
1969, and for their active participation to the daily organisation of the scientific meetings. 
 
\item The International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior and the 
International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy sincerely express their gratitude to the 
Rector of the University of Madrid and the Director of the Advanced Technical School for highway 
Engineering for the use of the University buildings and in particular for the use of the numerous 
facilities of the above mentioned school. 
 
\item The scientists participating in the General Scientific Assemblies of the International Association of 
Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior and the International Association of Geomagnetism 
and Aeronomy are happy to express to the Reverend Father Romana, S.J., President of the 
Organizing Committee and to all the members of his Committee, their gratitude for the exceptionally 
fine reception which they have received. They will keep a warm remembrance of it. 
 
\item The International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior and the 
International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy express their warm thanks to the Mayor of 
Madrid for the reception which he gave for the participants to the Assemblies and their families in the 
Cecilio Rodriguez Gardens during these Assemblies  in Madrid from the 1\textsuperscript{st} to the 12\textsuperscript{th} September 
1969. 
 
\item The wives of the participants in the General Scientific Assemblies of the International Association 
of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior and the International Association of Geomagnetism 
and Aeronomy are happy to express their gratitude to the ladies of the Spanish Committee for their 
daily attention and assistance, during the Madrid Congress. They join with their husbands and 
families in giving thanks, and also express gratitude for the excursion to Toledo and for the various 
receptions during the Assemblies. 
\end{compactenum}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1969):  Continuous publication of magnetic observatory yearbook}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1969):  Continuous publication of magnetic observatory yearbook}
The IAGA, {\bf recognising} the availability of many observatory results on microfilm, through the World 
Data Centers nevertheless {\bf recommends} the continued publication of magnetic observatory 
yearbooks containing hourly values and important related data, as described in a recommendation of 
the Rome IATME 1954 Meeting (IATME Bulletin No.\,15, p. 392). 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1969):  Continued derivation of the Dst, AE, Kn, Ks and Km indices}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1969):  Continued derivation of the Dst, AE, Kn, Ks and Km indices}
The IAGA, {\bf considering} that the indices Dst (equatorial ring current), AE (auroral electrojet) and Kn, 
Ks, Km (semiplanetary indices for N- and S- hemispheres and their main value) have been 
determined for recent years and {\bf recognising} that they provide new condensed information on the 
state of disturbances of the geophysical field {\bf recommends} the continued determination of these 
indices and {\bf urgently requests} those observatories which are selected for this purpose to send their 
data promptly in order to make possible regular and early monthly publications. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3 first version  (1969):}    {\it [see below for revised Resolution 3] }\\
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3 first version  (1969): {\it [see below for revised Resolution 3]}}

The IAGA, {\bf considering} the planetary and other derived magnetic indices from individual stations, 
and that more and more such indices are now available compiled from the data of individual stations, 
{\bf recommends} 
(i) the discontinuation of the publication of C-indices for individual stations in the Bulletin, 
(ii) the investigation of the possibility that K-indices be put in machine-readable form and stored at a 
centre with facilities for the mechanical reproduction upon request, 
(iii) if (ii) is implemented then it is recommended that the discontinuation of the centralised 
publication of K-indices of individual stations be discontinued but that their K-indices be 
published in their own yearbooks and bulletins. \\
 \\
{\it [From IAGA News, November 1970, No.\,9:  "Dr Van Sabben has noted that the English version of 
Scientific Resolution No.\,3, from the Madrid Scientific Assembly, as printed in IAGA News No.\,8 and 
IAGA Bulletin No.\,27, is not as explicit and clear as the French version. The Secretary recognises this 
discrepancy. The Resolution should read as follows:]}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1969):  C and K-indices for individual stations} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1969):  C and K-indices for individual stations} 
The IAGA, {\bf considering} the planetary and other derived magnetic indices are generally more 
important in scientific studies than indices from individual stations, and that more and more such 
indices are now available compiled from the data of individual stations, {\bf recommends}

\begin{compactenum}[(i)]
  \item The discontinuation of the publication of C-indices for individual stations in the Bulletin, 
  \item The investigation of the possibility that K-indices be put in machine-readable form and stored at 
  a centre with facilities for the mechanical reproduction upon request,
  \item if (ii) is implemented then it is recommended that the discontinuation of the centralised publication 
  of K-indices of individual stations be discontinued but that their K-indices be published in their own yearbooks 
  and bulletins.
\end{compactenum}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1969):  Magnetic observatories in Chile and Bolivia}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1969):  Magnetic observatories in Chile and Bolivia}
The IAGA, {\bf noting} recommendation No.\,8 made by the South American Meeting on Geomagnetism in 
Rio de Janeiro in January 1969, concerning desirable development of the network of magnetic 
observatories in South America, {\bf gives its full support} to the recommendation that magnetic 
observatories be established or completed in the Republics of Chile and Bolivia. 

{\it [This Resolution also reinforces Resolution No.\,12 of the International Union of Geodesy and 
Geophysics made at the 1967 General Assembly concerning the establishment of a permanent 
magnetic observatory on the mainland of Chile.]}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1969):  Moca Observatory}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1969):  Moca Observatory}
The IAGA, {\bf recognising} the scientific importance of the Moca Observatory located near the 
geomagnetic equator, {\bf requests} the authorities responsible for the station to take appropriate 
measures to insure uninterrupted operation of the station at the present scientific level. 

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1969):  Magnetic observatory on Crozet Island}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1969):  Magnetic observatory on Crozet Island}
The IAGA, {\bf recognising} the interest in completing the network of Southern observatories used for the 
determination of the Ks indices (see Resolution 2) {\bf recommends} that a permanent magnetic 
observatory be established on Crozet Island by the responsible organisation. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1969):  Conjugate stations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1969):  Conjugate stations}
The IAGA, {\bf considering} the scientific value of the experiments conducted at the conjugate stations of 
Kerguelen and Sogra for the study of dynamics and the structure of the magnetosphere and the need 
to reach a more precise definition of the conjugacy, {\bf recommends} that two additional pairs of 
conjugate stations be put in operation at the following locations: Crozet and Pskov, Heard and 
Dologoschelie. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1969):  Observations in conjugate points located in Australia and USSR}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1969):  Observations in conjugate points located in Australia and USSR}
The IAGA, {\bf considering} the interest which represents the organisation of multidisciplinary 
geophysical observations in conjugate points located in Australia and USSR, {\bf requests} the 
appropriate Institution in these countries to take every possible measure to ensure this cooperation. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1969):  Conjugate observation at Great Whale River, Byrd Station and geostationary satellite}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1969):  Conjugate observation at Great Whale River, Byrd Station and geostationary satellite}
The IAGA, {\bf endorses} the continuing conjugate point program concerning geomagnetic field 
phenomena at Great Whale River, and Byrd Station, and {\bf encourages} the efforts to locate a 
geostationary satellite with a sensitive magnetometer near the field line connecting these stations. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.10 (1969):  Observations in the East Africa}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.10 (1969):  Observations in the East Africa}
The IAGA, {\bf re-emphasises} the importance of electromagnetic induction studies in the accessible East 
African Rift System and {\bf encourages} organisations with the capability to undertake this work to do so 
in cooperation with interested African institutions. Both in this respect and for other reasons the 
continuation of the magnetic observations at Nairobi Observatory is highly desirable. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.11 (1969):  Magneto-telluric and depth sounding studies in West Africa}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.11 (1969):  Magneto-telluric and depth sounding studies in West Africa}
 The IAGA, {\bf emphasises} its scientific interest in magneto-telluric and geomagnetic depth sounding 
studies in West Africa and {\bf encourages} such work in the sedimentary basin of Senegal. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.12 (1969):  Coordinated magnetic observation of the equatorial electrojet}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.12 (1969):  Coordinated magnetic observation of the equatorial electrojet}
The IAGA, {\bf recognising} that interest in magnetic profiles across the equatorial electrojet presently in 
progress or planned for the near future, {\bf recommends} that, during the next solar minimum , those 
institutions interested in this work coordinate their efforts to make simultaneous profiles at various 
suitable longitudes. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.13 (1969):  Study of the upper atmospheric structure}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.13 (1969):  Study of the upper atmospheric structure}
The IAGA, {\bf considering} the importance of obtaining a self consistent picture of distributions and 
variations of composition, density, temperature and winds in the upper atmosphere, and {\bf noting} the 
recommendations of the 9th and 11th Working Groups of the IUCSTP concerning the study of the 
structure of the upper atmosphere. (Arising from the conference on cooperative solar terrestrial 
physics for the International Years of the Active Sun, London, January 1969), {\bf recommends}

\begin{compactenum}[a)]
  \item That in combination or as an alternative to drag measurements, accelerometer and density 
  gauge measurements be made on satellites with high eccentricity, to obtain density measurements 
  with a single satellite over a large range of altitudes.
  \item That special efforts be made to obtain data for comparison of satellite measurements of diurnal 
  density variation of ion temperature.
  \item Simultaneous measurements be made of composition by means of both mass spectrometers and 
  monochrometers.
  \item (i) Measurements be made of composition, temperature and winds from 100 to 200\,km in the 
  winter polar region, where the sunlight has been cut off, and (ii) wind profiles be measured above 
  200\,km to establish global circulation patterns and to test the concept of rotation of the upper atmosphere.
  \item That more coordinated ground based measurements of optical emissions from hydrogen and helium 
  be made, and that high Resolution studies of OI6300 [Angstrom] for temperature and wind measurement 
  be extended.
  \item Development of experiments for measurements of the eddy diffusion coefficient, especially in the 
  height range 80 - 120\,km.
  \item Extension of theoretical studies for construction of representative models describing composition, 
  dynamics, the thermal regime and their interconnection.
  \item Extension of laboratory experiments for measuring rates of aeronomical reaction, including those 
  determined by the minor components, and including those relevant to meteor processes, particularly 
  atomic collision phenomena in the energy range 100-1000\,eV.
  \item (i) That although there has recently been an increase in the network of meteor stations, there 
  should be an extension of the network in high latitudes, and (ii) that when possible the meteor-wind 
  stations be associated with existing rocket launching sites.
  \item That since there exist uncertainties in the interpretation of ionospheric drift measurements, and a 
  means of calibration would in many cases enable these observations to become a useful source of wind 
  information, radio meteor winds should be used to provide a comparison for this purpose, particularly 
  with ionospheric-drift techniques that extend to lower heights and overlap the meteor region. 
\end{compactenum}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.14 (1969):  Planetary indices on micropulsations} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.14 (1969):  Planetary indices on micropulsations} 
The IAGA, {\bf considering} the importance for space studies to have systematised information on 
micropulsations occurring on a worldwide scale, {\bf urges} the national research groups working on 
micropulsations to work out planetary indices based on the different existing types of micropulsations. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.15 (1969):  Derivation of AE and Dst indices by WDCs for Geomagnetism}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.15 (1969):  Derivation of AE and Dst indices by WDCs for Geomagnetism}
The IAGA, {\bf considering} that the World Data Centers for Geomagnetism have the necessary 
magnetic observatory data in their archives, and {\bf considering} the scientific need for the magnetic 
activity indices AE and Dst, {\bf urges} the World Data Centers for Geomagnetism to undertake the 
computation of these indices. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.16 (1969):  Worldwide plasmapause monitoring}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.16 (1969):  Worldwide plasmapause monitoring}
The IAGA, {\bf noting} the importance of mapping the plasma-pause on a continuous worldwide basis, 
and {\bf noting} that achievement of such mapping will require basic research, technical development, 
and a high level of international cooperation, {\bf encourages} its member countries to support 
cooperative studies of the problem of worldwide plasma-pause monitoring. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.17 (1969):  Quick release of routine data from satellites}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.17 (1969):  Quick release of routine data from satellites}
The IAGA, {\bf considering} the value of satellite data that are of a routine monitoring nature, such as 
measurements of solar wind parameters, magnetospheric boundary crossings, local time variations of 
the magnetic filed at the synchronous orbit, etc., for a synoptic patrol of the magnetosphere and the 
establishment of new indices, {\bf recommends} that countries, institutions and scientists operating such 
satellites, in conjunction with the World Data Centers, establish a mechanism for the quick release of 
these routine data and their distribution in convenient format to the scientific community. 
 
 
\section*{XIV IUGG General Assembly, Switzerland, 1967}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{XIV IUGG General Assembly, Switzerland, 1967}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_06_1967.pdf}{IAGA News, October 1967, No.\,6}.

(The General Assembly was held in four cities; IAGA met in St. Gall)

\subsection*{IAGA Resolutions approved in St. Gall }
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{IAGA Resolutions approved in St. Gall }

\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1967):  A standard magnetic observatory in South America}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1967):  A standard magnetic observatory in South America}
The IAGA {\bf recognising} the need for highest accuracy in magnetic observations, {\bf recommends} the 
selection and establishment of a magnetic observatory in South America which will serve as a 
primary standard of accuracy and assist in the inter-comparison of instruments from other 
observatories. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1967):  Geomagnetic data in digital form}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1967):  Geomagnetic data in digital form}
The IAGA {\bf considering} the great value for geomagnetic investigations of the output-data of magnetic 
observatory and the great advantage that would accrue from having these data in machine readable 
form, {\bf recommends} that magnetic observatories should, whenever possible, be modernised, and 
their read-outs be registered in digital form. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1967):  Data collection for the World Magnetic Survey program}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1967):  Data collection for the World Magnetic Survey program}
The IAGA {\bf considering} that all magnetic survey data are of great value for the compilation of world 
magnetic charts as well as regional and local charts, and that the organisations listed below 
customarily engage in the compilation of world magnetic charts:

\begin{enumerate}
  \item Royal Greenwich Observatory
  \item U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
  \item Izmiran USSR 
\end{enumerate}

therefore {\bf urgently requests} that all organisations which have conducted magnetic surveys under the 
World Magnetic Survey program in recent years, or which will make magnetic surveys in the future, 
send the survey data to one or more of the World Data Centers and/or to one or more of the three 
organisations named above. If the data are in the form of magnetic charts it is {\bf recommended} to add, 
if available, digital data of the survey in question. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1967):  Magnetic survey data from the years 1840--1900}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1967):  Magnetic survey data from the years 1840-1900}
The IAGA {\bf urges} all countries having in their archives magnetic survey data from the years 1840-1900 to transmit to the WDC's, in order of preference:

\begin{enumerate}
  \item The data in machine-readable form or
  \item Copies of publications or manuscripts, or
  \item Bibliography. 
\end{enumerate}

 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1967):  Promotion of magnetic surveys in areas of geophysical importance} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1967):  Promotion of magnetic surveys in areas of geophysical importance} 
The IAGA {\bf recognising} the recent progress in interpreting observed geomagnetic field anomalies in 
terms of crustal movement and reversals of the geomagnetic field, and {\bf recognising} the excellent 
World Magnetic Survey data gathering facilities in many countries, {\bf recommends} that the effort of 
national organisations be directed, when possible, towards magnetic surveys in areas (especially 
marine areas) of geophysical importance, those areas being identified by geophysicists acquainted 
with the interpretation of anomalies. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1967):  Making all hourly value data available through the World Data Centers}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1967):  Making all hourly value data available through the World Data Centers}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} that to prevent unnecessary repetition of effort in the preparation of data for 
determinations of the main field, all mean hourly value data of the geomagnetic field elements be 
made available in a machine readable form through the World Data Centers. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1967):  Secular-change observations on islands} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1967):  Secular-change observations on islands} 
For the improvement of knowledge of secular variation in the regions of the Atlantic, Indian and 
Pacific Oceans, the IAGA {\bf recommends} to the appropriate agencies the continuation and extension 
of effort toward secular-change determinations by repeat stations and observatories on islands. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1967):  Establishment of World Digital Data Centers}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1967):  Establishment of World Digital Data Centers}
The IAGA {\bf considering} the growing need for magnetic data in machine-readable form, {\bf recommends} 
the establishment of several world digital data centres (WDDC) for Geomagnetism (USA, USSR, 
Great Britain, Japan), to receive, catalogue, and file magnetic data. These data shall then be supplied 
in standard formats on request to suitable institutions for scientific purposes by appropriate 
arrangements. The IAGA also {\bf encourages} the WDCs to perform other functions as user demand 
indicates, so far as they are able. {\bf It is further suggested} that a manual for operation of the WDCs 
be prepared. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1967):  Automatically constructing ionospheric current charts}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1967):  Automatically constructing ionospheric current charts}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} an investigation of the feasibility of automatically constructing ionospheric 
current charts for any U.T. epoch, using mean hourly values from a well distributed group of magnetic 
observatories. After feasibility is proven the IAGA {\bf recommends} that arrangements be made with a 
suitable agency to construct and publish such charts for 3 or 4 epochs each Greenwich day, as a 
routine procedure. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.10 (1967):  Recording of pulsations at geomagnetic observatories}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.10 (1967):  Recording of pulsations at geomagnetic observatories}
In view of the great importance of observations of pulsations for the investigation of processes in the 
magnetosphere, the IAGA {\bf recommends} the recording of pulsations as one of the important tasks of 
permanent geomagnetic observatories. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.11 (1967):  Utilising equipment in temporary networks of stations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.11 (1967):  Utilising equipment in temporary networks of stations}
The IAGA {\bf taking into account} the growing necessity of magnetic observation on a dense network of 
stations in auroral and polar regions as well as at middle latitudes, around conjugate points, 
{\bf recommends} that selected observatories and geophysical institutes unite their efforts in organising 
such international experiments utilising their equipment in temporary networks of stations 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.12 (1967):  Publication of Kp index supplementary to the Kp index}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.12 (1967):  Publication of Kp index supplementary to the Kp index}
The IAGA {\bf considering} the proposal of the Working Group on Magnetic Indices of Commission IV, 
concerning the elimination of solar flare effects in the computation of the Kp index, {\bf endorses} the 
principle according to which, beginning 1 January 1968, an index Kp' should be derived from K' 
indices and published supplementary to the Kp index. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.13 (1967):  The Kn, Ks and Km indices}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.13 (1967):  The Kn, Ks and Km indices}
The IAGA {\bf considering} the proposal of the Working Group on Magnetic Indices of Commission IV 
concerning the characterisation of the magnetic activity in each hemisphere and on a worldwide scale 
by the new indices Kn, Ks and Km, {\bf recommends} that the determination of these new indices be 
started on a trial basis with data beginning 1 January 1964, and {\bf urges} the fullest possible 
collaboration on the part of the observatories whose K indices will be required for this determination. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.14 (1967):  Low altitude satellites with absolute magnetometers}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.14 (1967):  Low altitude satellites with absolute magnetometers}
The IAGA {\bf recognising} that the study of the geomagnetic field requires comprehensive, and 
continuous, world-wide measurements and that the practicability of such observations by earth 
satellite has now been demonstrated, {\bf recommends} that the appropriate agencies be requested to 
provide measurements by low altitude satellites recording data from absolute magnetometers. IAGA 
{\bf recommends} at least two satellites at near polar inclinations, with their orbital plans at right angles, 
and a third spacecraft orbiting near the equator. IAGA further {\bf recommends} that machine readable 
data from these orbiting magnetic observatories be made available to the World Data Center system 
in a timely way.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.15 (1967):  Geostationary satellite for studying rapid magnetic variations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.15 (1967):  Geostationary satellite for studying rapid magnetic variations}
The IAGA {\bf recognising} the difficulty in understanding the nature of rapid magnetic variations within 
the magnetosphere from moving satellites and {\bf recognising} the recent improvements in satellite 
technology, {\bf recommends} that a suitable geostationary satellite be placed in orbit for studying these 
magnetic variations. Because of the great significance of this project to geomagneticians in many 
countries it is further proposed that the results be made immediately available to the international 
scientific community. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.16 (1967):  Continuous acquisition of auroral data}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.16 (1967):  Continuous acquisition of auroral data}
The IAGA {\bf considering} the IQSY recommendations on the creation of a special Working Group on 
aurora inside the frame of IAGA, and on the formal requirement for the submission of auroral data to 
the WDCs be suspended after the IQSY, {\bf asserts} that its Commission VI (Aurora) has the 
responsibility to initiate and coordinate international programmes within its subject and, while 
agreeing to the IQSY recommendation on the suspension of the formal requirement for the 
submission of data, strongly {\bf recommends} that each country continues acquisition of data of value 
to large scale synoptic studies and that a listing of observation that have been undertaken be 
submitted annually to the WDCs. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.17 (1967):  International effort in airglow observation}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.17 (1967):  International effort in airglow observation}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} that the international effort in airglow observation and in the distribution of 
information to the WDCs be maintained at a level at least similar to that during the IQSY. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.18 (1967):  Additional airglow stations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.18 (1967):  Additional airglow stations}
The IAGA {\bf noting} that the geographical coverage of airglow stations is still unsatisfactory, 
{\bf recommends} that additional stations be established; highest priority should be given to stations in 
middle Southern latitudes and in the vicinity of the magnetic invariant latitude poles. Cooperation 
should be developed within meridional chains of stations along four longitudinal sectors: Europe-
Africa; Asia-Australia; North-South America; Siberia-India. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.19 (1967):  Coordinated investigation of SAR-arcs}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.19 (1967):  Coordinated investigation of SAR-arcs}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} that during the period of high solar activity, particular attention be paid to the 
phenomena of mid-latitude red area (SAR-arcs) and to the equatorial system of enhanced airglow 
emissions. Close coordination with radio investigations of the ionosphere, both from the ground and 
from space, is necessary. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.20 (1967):  Interpretation of emissions in the nightglow}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.20 (1967):  Interpretation of emissions in the nightglow}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} that an increased effort be made to achieve a satisfactory interpretation of 
OH, O2 and Na emission in the nightglow.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.21 (1967):  Effort on airglow observations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.21 (1967):  Effort on airglow observations}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} that increased effort be made on the following observational programs:

\begin{enumerate}
  \item photometric detection of the 5200 Angstrom atomic nitrogen emission,
  \item determination of rapid temperature variations from Doppler broadening of omission lines,
  \item rocket-borne determinations of altitude profiles of airglow emission,
  \item twilight measurements of atomic helium fluorescence and ionised nitrogen scattering. 
\end{enumerate}

 
\subsection*{Resolution No.22 (1967):  Calibrations of airglow photometers}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.22 (1967):  Calibrations of airglow photometers}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} that laboratories performing calibrations of airglow photometers take steps 
 for comparison of photometric scales, preferably within the next twelve months. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.23 (1967):  Simultaneous observations with radio-meteor techniques}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.23 (1967):  Simultaneous observations with radio-meteor techniques}
The IAGA {\bf notes} with satisfaction the extended use of radio-meteor techniques for the study of the 
upper atmosphere. Most existing measurements are made at middle latitudes. The IAGA therefore 
{\bf draws attention} to the importance for synoptic studies of equatorial and high latitude measurements 
and, where possible, of simultaneous meteor wind, ionospheric drift, rocket release and other 
appropriate observations. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.24 (1967):  World-wide computer analysis of lunar effects}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.24 (1967):  World-wide computer analysis of lunar effects}
The Joint IAGA-IAMAP Committee on Lunar Effects {\bf considering} the lack of statistical significance, 
obtained so far, on studies of lunar variations in atmospheric, aeronomical and geomagnetic 
phenomena, and {\bf further considering} that a wealth of past observations in these fields is available 
for improving such results, {\bf recommends} that all possible measures be taken to commit to computer 
readable form past and present atmospheric, aeronomical and geomagnetic parameters in such a 
way as to facilitate the integration and correlation of that data so processed into world-wide computer 
analysis of lunar effects.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.25 (1967):  Meeting for coordinated magnetic survey in South America}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.25 (1967):  Meeting for coordinated magnetic survey in South America}
The IAGA {\bf having noted} from the report of the World Magnetic Survey Mission in 1965 that plans are 
being considered for convening a regional meeting in South America, at which arrangements with the 
object of coordinating magnetic survey activities in the various South American countries could be 
discussed, {\bf expresses} its great satisfaction with this initiative, and {\bf urges} that the meeting be 
convened at an early date, in order to be of maximum benefit to the World Magnetic Survey and to 
future magnetic survey projects. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.26 (1967):  Repeat magnetic observation in Antarctic}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.26 (1967):  Repeat magnetic observation in Antarctic}
The IAGA {\bf noting} with satisfaction the increased number of magnetic determinations in the Antarctic 
since the IGY but further {\bf noting} that the number of magnetic stations now existing in the Antarctic 
cannot provide sufficient data for reducing these determinations to common epochs to be used for 
preparing Antarctic and world magnetic charts in the future, {\bf recommends} that a network of regular 
repeat magnetic stations be organised in the Antarctic at a number of especially chosen places where 
the magnetic field has only small anomalies. The observations at the repeat stations should be 
repeated each five years. IAGA requests the help of SCAR in organising the repeat stations. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.27 (1967):  Opportunity for precise measurement of archaeomagnetic samples}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.27 (1967):  Opportunity for precise measurement of archaeomagnetic samples}
The IAGA {\bf noting} the difficulty and expense of establishing and equipping a good archaeomagnetic 
laboratory, {\bf recommends} that laboratories having good measuring facilities should provide 
opportunity for the measurement of archaeomagnetic samples collected in countries where such 
facilities are not available and training in the techniques of collection and measurement. 
 
\subsection*{IUGG Resolutions }
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{IUGG Resolutions }
{\it [Resolutions passed by IAGA at its meeting in St. Gall and later approved as IUGG Resolutions in 
Z\"urich. The Resolution numbers are the IUGG numbers.]} 

\subsection*{Resolution No.11 (1967):  Orcadas Island Observatory}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.11 (1967):  Orcadas Island Observatory}
The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics {\bf recognising} the particular geographic situation 
of the Orcadas Island observatory and its importance within the observatory network of the Southern 
Hemisphere {\bf appreciates} the efforts made by the Argentine Government during these latest years to 
complete the facilities and the scientific equipment of this magnetic station, and {\bf expresses} the wish 
that the aid granted to the Orcadas observatory be continued and increased in order to permit a 
continuous participation of this observatory in the international cooperation required for the study of 
magnetic phenomena. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.12 (1967):  Magnetic observatory on the mainland of Chile}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.12 (1967):  Magnetic observatory on the mainland of Chile}
The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics {\bf recognising} the value of establishing a 
permanent geomagnetic observatory on the mainland of Chile: 1) for contributing to the world network 
of permanent observatories, 2) for providing a base to which Chile's observatory on Easter Island and 
her surface magnetic survey activities could be referred, {\bf recommends} that the appropriate 
authorities give all the support necessary to establish and maintain a permanent geomagnetic 
observatory at Peldehue, or at such other site on the mainland as is considered suitable. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.13 (1967):  Power line near the Huancayo Observatory}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.13 (1967):  Power line near the Huancayo Observatory}
The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics {\bf noting} with regret that a high voltage AC power 
line is planned near the Geophysical Observatory of Huancayo, which will adversely affect the quality 
of the data obtained, {\bf noting} the fact that the observatory, which is situated in a unique position, has 
been operating since 1922, and that a heavy loss to international science would result, {\bf urges} the 
authorities concerned to consider a re-routing of the power line so that the observatory remains 
undisturbed. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.14 (1967):  The Active Sun Year (IASY)} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.14 (1967):  The Active Sun Year (IASY)} 
The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, {\bf considering} the recommendations of the 
Geophysics Research Board of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, as transmitted by Dr. H. 
Friedman and of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, as transmitted by NV Pushkov, and further 
{\bf considering} the desires of the IAGA Commissions IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII to participate in the 
formulation and conduct of cooperative international programs for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, {\bf supports} 
the organisation of an international cooperative program for the Active Sun Years, 1968-1970 (IASY), 
to be organised under the general direction of the Inter-union Commission for Solar-Terrestrial 
Physics, {\bf urges} the IUCSTP to complete a draft program for the IASY as soon as possible, {\bf offers the
cooperation} of its interested Associations in the preparation of the program, and {\bf recognises} the 
need for a general meeting organised by IUSTP at an early date to permit the appropriate working 
groups to finalise the details of the IASY projects. 
 
 
\section*{4th UN Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Manila, December 1964}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{4th UN Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Manila, December 1964}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_03_1965.pdf}{IAGA News, February 1965, No.\,3}.

{\it(Reported by GD Garland, General Secretary of IUGG to IAGA Secretary.)}
 
\subsection*{Resolution  (1964):  Establishment of a regional magnetic observatory for calibration of magnetic surveying instruments}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution  (1964):  Establishment of a regional magnetic observatory for calibration of magnetic surveying instruments}
This Conference, {\bf noting} the importance and necessity of calibrating at frequent intervals absolute 
magnetic instruments used by magnetic observatory in the region, further {\bf noting} that absolute 
magnetic instruments in the region were not calibrated frequently enough under one standard, 
realising the importance of having values of the earth's magnetic field obtained in the same standard 
of measurement for use in studies of related sciences, {\bf recognising} that the calibration of magnetic 
instruments in an existing observatory located within an accessible distance in this region is desirable 
from the viewpoint of economy, further {\bf recognising} that this field of activity lies within the province of 
the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), {\bf invites} the IUGG consider 
establishment of such a calibration observatory in this region, consider that additional modern 
instruments and facilities for this proposed magnetic calibration observatory, if necessary, may be 
requested through United Nations' assistance. 

\subsection*{Resolution  (1964):  Working Group on Secular Variation} 
{\it [reported by VP Orlov]}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution  (1964):  Working Group on Secular Variation}

The working group on Secular Variation: 

\begin{enumerate}
  \item {\bf points out} the importance of obtaining a reliable picture of SV distribution on a world-wide scale.
  \item {\bf gives the responsibility} to the reporter for the WG on Secular Variations to collect and publish 
  the mean annual values at the magnetic observatories, and to report the main SV features periodically.
  \item e{\bf mphasises} the significance of the detailed investigation of the SV time-changes and SV parts, 
  due to the different sources.
  \item {\bf urges} the participating countries to organise archaeomagnetic investigations to get information on 
  SV for historic times.
  \item {\bf notes} the importance of separate countries studying the SV local anomalies.  
\end{enumerate}


\section*{XIII IUGG General Assembly, Berkeley, 1963}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{XIII IUGG General Assembly, Berkeley, 1963}
See \href{http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/Newsletters/iaganews_01_1963.pdf}{IAGA News, December 1963, No.\,1}.
 
\subsection*{IAGA Resolutions }
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{IAGA Resolutions }
The following Resolutions were approved by the IAGA at the XIII General Assembly of IUGG held at 
Berkeley, California, USA August 1963. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1963):  Organisation for solar and terrestrial physics}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1963):  Organisation for solar and terrestrial physics}
The IAGA {\bf requests} its Executive Committee to appoint a committee to study and discuss with other 
bodies within the framework of the ICSU most appropriate and suitable organisation of the broad and 
rapidly developing field of solar and terrestrial physics. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1963):  Indication of artificial disturbances on magnetograms}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1963):  Indication of artificial disturbances on magnetograms}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} that magnetic observatories mark on their magnetograms, and indicate in 
their publications the time at which artificial magnetic disturbances or other spurious effects are 
recorded. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1963):  Sending tables of K-indices to PSGI at De Bilt}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1963):  Sending tables of K-indices to PSGI at De Bilt}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} that observatories already measuring K-indices separately for three 
magnetic elements send tables of these data to the Permanent Service of Geomagnetic Indices at De 
Bilt. The publication of daily ranges may be discontinued. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,4  (1963):  K-index}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,4  (1963):  K-index}
The IAGA {\bf recommends}:

\begin{compactenum}[a.]
  \item that from the 1\textsuperscript{st} of January, 1964, the Z-component will not be used for the measure of the three-hourly 
  K-index, except by the standard Kp-observatories, and
  \item that for new observatories, the lower limit for K\,=\,9 should be chosen in consultation with the working 
  group on magnetic activity indices of Commission No.\,4. 
\end{compactenum}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,5  (1963):  R-index}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,5  (1963):  R-index}
The IAGA {\bf notes} that for some observatories in geomagnetic latitudes higher than about 65\,degrees, 
an additional index will be available, namely an hourly R-index, indicating the absolute hourly range in 
each horizontal component expressed in tens of gamma. A circular concerning these data will be 
distributed soon to observatories wishing to take part in such a tentative scheme which is to start on 
January 1st, 1964  
  
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,6  (1963):  Electromagnetic induction research and the Upper Mantle Project}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,6  (1963):  Electromagnetic induction research and the Upper Mantle Project}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} that extensive research on electromagnetic induction within the earth's 
interior in as many areas as possible be encouraged in connection with the Upper Mantle Project 
(UMP). 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,7  (1963):  Recommendations with particular reference to the Upper Mantle Project}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,7  (1963):  Recommendations with particular reference to the Upper Mantle Project}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} with particular reference to the Upper Mantle Project:

\begin{compactenum}[a.]
  \item that in view of the present ambiguity in separating ocean water effects from those produced by deep 
  structures, magnetic observations and recordings at continental margins as well as at sea be encouraged,
  \item that magnetic and magneto-telluric measurements be encouraged in the most recently active tectonic 
  zones, and in particular work on Tertiary rifts, be undertaken by responsible workers in this field, and
  \item that an attempt be made to correlate determinations of deep electric conductivity with the results of 
  heat flow measurements. 
\end{compactenum}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,8  (1963):  Coordinated palaeomagnetic researches}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,8  (1963):  Coordinated palaeomagnetic researches}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} that well coordinated palaeomagnetic researches should be encouraged in 
connection with the Upper Mantle Project. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,9  (1963):  Nuclear Magnetometers for absolute measurement}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,9  (1963):  Nuclear Magnetometers for absolute measurement}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} that all observatories use Nuclear Magnetometers for the measurement of 
absolute total intensity and components where possible. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.10 (1963):  Publication of full information on corrections}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.10 (1963):  Publication of full information on corrections}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} that observatories finding corrections in their standard of intensity (for 
instance, when taking up nuclear magnetometer measurements) publish full information for the 
benefit of the users of the data. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.11 (1963):  Providing complete calibration data}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.11 (1963):  Providing complete calibration data}
The IAGA {\bf recommends} that all recording stations provide complete calibration data for the records 
and instruments - including curves for sensitivity and phase angles when those parameters vary with 
frequencies of oscillation. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.12 (1963):  Publication of the Dst on a regular basis}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.12 (1963):  Publication of the Dst on a regular basis}
The IAGA recognises that for the studies of the secular variations, magnetic storms, Sq, and other 
geomagnetic variations the determination of DST is of great importance and that in space research 
and in the studies of the relationships between geomagnetic variations and other geophysical 
phenomena, data giving the DST variation are frequently required. The IAGA, therefore, 
{\bf recommends} the publication of the hourly values and a graphical representation of the equatorial Dst 
variation on a regular basis with shortest possible delay from the time of observation and invites the 
cooperation of interested organisations. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.13 (1963):  Classification of pulsations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.13 (1963):  Classification of pulsations}
On account of experimental knowledge obtained since the IGY, the IAGA recognises the need of 
improving the present classification of pulsations. Pulsations fall into two main classes: those of a 
regular, and mainly continuous character, and those with an irregular pattern. The first class, for 
which the name pc is retained, covers the whole range of pulsations (0.2-600 sec). This class is 
provisionally divided into five subgroups: 

\begin{tabular}{rrcl}
pc 1: & 0.2 & to & 5\,sec \\
pc 2: & 5 & to & 10\,sec \\
pc 3: & 10 & to & 45\,sec \\
pc 4: & 45 & to & 150\,sec \\
pc 5: & 150 & to & 600\,sec 
\end{tabular}

The second class of pulsations is characterised by their irregular form, their close connection with 
disturbances of the magnetic field and their correlation with upper atmospheric phenomena. This 
class provisionally is divided into two subgroups covering different frequency ranges:

\begin{tabular}{rrcl}
pi 1: &  1 &  to & 40\,sec \\
pi 2: & (primarily pt)  40 & to & 150\,sec
\end{tabular}

Observatories making such analyses are strongly {\bf urged} to take into account the classification given 
above, which will be circulated with more details by the working group on Morphology of Rapid 
Variations of Commission No.\,4. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.14 (1963):  Writing of histories in geomagnetism and aeronomy}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.14 (1963):  Writing of histories in geomagnetism and aeronomy}
The IAGA Commission on History of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy {\bf recognises} that a complete 
history of effort and progress will contribute to the further development of the sciences of 
geomagnetism and aeronomy and {\bf encourages} the writing of adequate histories of different aspects of 
disciplines in geomagnetism and aeronomy. 
 
\subsection*{IAGA-IAMAP Resolutions }
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{IAGA-IAMAP Resolutions }
{\it [The following Resolutions, which originated in the IAGA-IAMAP Joint Committee on Lunar Effects,
were favourably considered by both of the parent Associations at the XIII General Assembly held at
Berkeley, California, 1963.] }
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,1  (1963):  Studies of lunar tidal effects}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,1  (1963):  Studies of lunar tidal effects}
The Joint Committee 

\begin{compactenum}[a)]
  \item {\bf noting} Professor Chapman's intention to devote himself again to lunar tidal studies, and
  \item {\bf recognising} that the moon's tidal action (mainly but not entirely semi-diurnal) slightly perturbs the 
  Earth's atmosphere - a dynamical system whose distribution and motions are complex, changing, and 
  not fully known, affecting not only such meteorological variables as pressure, wind and temperature, 
  but also geomagnetic, ionospheric and cosmic ray variables,
  \item {\bf considers} that these various phenomena deserve enhanced study, and that such study would 
  produce valuable and interesting results, especially because the field of lunar tidal acceleration acting 
  on the atmosphere is completely known, and simpler in its operation that the similarly large scale 
  solar actions upon the atmosphere,
  \item {\bf considers} that a theoretical and computational study of the dynamical aspects of the lunar 
  atmospheric tide, and comparison with the observed meteorological effects, would add to our factual 
  knowledge of the properties of the atmosphere,
  \item {\bf recommends} such a dynamical study, and also, for comparison with theoretical and computed 
  predictions of lunar tidal meteorological effects, a comprehensive effort to improve our observational 
  knowledge of them by use of all suitable existing series of meteorological data,
  \item likewise {\bf recommends} that the associated lunar geophysical effects be comprehensively studied by 
  means of all suitable existing series of geomagnetic, ionospheric, earth-current and cosmic ray data, 
  according to a systematic plan determined after careful examination of the most appropriate methods 
  and tools of computation,
  \item further {\bf recommends} global studies of these lunar geophysical variations, including the 
  determination of the ionospheric electric current system that is associated with the lunar daily 
  geomagnetic and earth-current variations. 
\end{compactenum}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,2  (1963):  Adequate statistical analyses on lunar effects in geophysical phenomena}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,2  (1963):  Adequate statistical analyses on lunar effects in geophysical phenomena}
The Joint Committee {\bf recommends} that any type of studies on lunar effects in geophysical 
phenomena should be supplemented by adequate statistical analyses preferably performed by 
means of fine subdivision of available material into a sufficient number of groups. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.\,3  (1963):  Stations in the Southern hemisphere for lunar geophysical effects} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.\,3  (1963):  Stations in the Southern hemisphere for lunar geophysical effects} 
The Joint Committee {\bf recognising} the need for comprehensive studies of lunar geophysical effects in 
a global scale, and the necessity of a more complete and more homogeneous coverage of the Earth's 
surface, {\bf recommends} that every effort should be made to extend lunar studies of geophysical effects 
to a greater number of middle and higher latitude stations in the Southern Hemisphere. 
 
\subsection*{IUGG Resolutions }
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{IUGG Resolutions }
{\it [The following Resolutions were passed by the IAGA and were later approved by the IUGG as Union 
Resolutions.  The Resolution numbers are the official IUGG numbers.]}

\subsection*{Resolution No.18 (1963):  The World Magnetic Survey (WMS) project}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.18 (1963):  The World Magnetic Survey (WMS) project}
The IUGG, {\bf calling attention} to the fact that the World Magnetic Survey (WMS) is now being 
coordinated by the WMS Board of IAGA, {\bf urges} all nations to participate in the WMS and to contribute 
observations in accordance with the various technical recommendations of IAGA as set forth in IUGG 
Monograph No.\,11, ``Instruction Manual for the WMS''. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.19 (1963):  Aeromagnetic survey over northern European countries} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.19 (1963):  Aeromagnetic survey over northern European countries} 
The IUGG {\bf notes} with satisfaction the proposed Canadian-Swedish-Norwegian-Danish-Finnish-
Icelandic cooperative plan for a detailed three-component aeromagnetic survey over Greenland, 
Iceland, the Norwegian Sea, Baltic Sea, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland, with flight lines 
spaced 35\,km apart and flown at an altitude of 3000 m, and highly {\bf endorses} this planned program as 
an important contribution to the WMS. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.20 (1963): Aeromagnetic surveys for the WMS project}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.20 (1963): Aeromagnetic surveys for the WMS project}
The IUGG {\bf recommends} that the possibility be investigated of securing observations from 
aeromagnetic surveys made for geophysical prospecting purposes, particularly in regions where a 
vector or absolute aeromagnetic survey is available as a reference, and {\bf considers} that the detailed 
maps are not needed by only a sufficient number of observations useful to the WMS project, for 
example, observations spaced approximately 20\,km apart.  
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.21 (1963):  Extension of the WMS over oceanic areas}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.21 (1963):  Extension of the WMS over oceanic areas}
The IUGG {\bf notes} with satisfaction the work done by a number of countries conducting aeromagnetic 
measurements that contribute to the World Magnetic Survey, and {\bf recommends} that efforts be made 
to extend greatly the coverage thus far obtained, over oceanic areas adjacent to the various countries 
as well as over the central portion of the oceanic basins, using, for example,  longer range aircraft 
than currently employed. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.22 (1963):  WMS data description}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.22 (1963):  WMS data description}
The IUGG {\bf reaffirms} the description given in IUGG Monograph No.\,11, ``Instruction Manual for the 
World Magnetic Survey''  of the WMS data to be supplied, but wishes to stress the importance of 
supplying observed data and {\bf recommends} that any derived values supplied be identified as such. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.23 (1963):  Repeat station measurements during the IQSY in support of the WMS}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.23 (1963):  Repeat station measurements during the IQSY in support of the WMS}
The IUGG {\bf endorses} the recommendation of the CIG-IQSY Committee: 
``It is recommended that one special feature of the IQSY contribution to the land and ocean survey of 
the WMS should be provision of magnetic survey measurements at repeat stations through their re-
occupation during the IQSY or at least within the 5 year period prior to the ending of the IQSY'' and 
{\bf urges}

\begin{compactenum}[a)]
  \item the intensification of repeat station surveys during the IQSY, in accordance with previous IAGA 
  technical recommendations for repeat station observations and
  \item the listing of the kinds of repeat stations and the values secured during previous re-occupations 
  useful to the WMS. 
\end{compactenum}
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.24 (1963):  Repeat station data for the WMS charts 1965.0}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.24 (1963):  Repeat station data for the WMS charts 1965.0}
The IUGG {\bf recommends} that repeat station data from 1950 onwards be supplied to the World Data 
Centers as a contribution to the WMS, {\bf recognizes} that earlier repeat station data may be supplied in 
addition if they are of sufficient accuracy to permit reduction to epoch 1965 with reliability 
commensurate with the standards set by IAGA for WMS, and considers that survey charts earlier 
than 1950 may be useful in the historical sequence leading to the WMS charts 1965.0. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.25 (1963):  Prompt supply of magnetic observatory data to World Data Centers} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.25 (1963):  Prompt supply of magnetic observatory data to World Data Centers} 
The IUGG recognizes that the present time delay of one year or more in transmitting the magnetic 
variometer data to the World Data Centers presents serious difficulty in the rapid evaluation of the 
magnetic records, and {\bf recommends} that the National Committees advise their observatories to 
transmit copies of magnetograms together with provisional base line and scale values to the World 
Data Centers as soon as possible after observation in accordance with the Resolution made by the 
IQSY Committee. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.26 (1963):  Recommendation for magnetic measurements in the Antarctic and the Indian Ocean}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.26 (1963):  Recommendation for magnetic measurements in the Antarctic and the Indian Ocean}
The IUGG {\bf considering} the observatory, repeat station and survey data now in the World Data 
Centers and available to the World Magnetic Survey project, and {\bf recognising} that, in spite of the 
extensive program initiated during the IGY and subsequently carried forward under the auspices of 
SCAR, there are still significant gaps in magnetic coverage of the Antarctic continent and adjacent 
seas, and particularly of the southern Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, calls to the attention of 
SCAR:

\begin{compactenum}[a)]
  \item the desirability of urging the various national participants in the scientific program in the 
  Antarctic to undertake in so far as possible extensive magnetic survey work in the Antarctic,
  \item the valuable contributions to the WMS that are now being made by many expeditionary 
  vessels through the use of towed total-field magnetometers and the desirability of 
  increasing this work by the participation of even more countries so that coverage over the 
  southern oceans can be extended,
\end{compactenum}

and {\bf recommends} that this last point be communicated 
to SCOR, for referral to the Inter-Governmental Oceanographic Commission with 
particular regard to urging all countries participating in the International Indian Ocean 
Expedition to add towed magnetometers to their ship programs in the Indian Ocean. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.27 (1963):  Recommendations for satellite measurements for the WMS}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.27 (1963):  Recommendations for satellite measurements for the WMS}
The IUGG {\bf recommends} that measurements of the total magnetic force for the WMS from satellites 
below 1000\,km altitude be conducted in such a manner that the absolute accuracy of measurement 
at each point is within 10\,gammas without application of corrections for instrument drifts or satellite 
generated fields, {\bf and} that the date and universal time of each measurement be specified to permit 
removal of time variations in the final analysis of survey measurements, and {\bf recommends} 
particularly;

\begin{compactenum}[a)]
  \item that magnetometers of the nuclear or atomic resonance type be used
  \item that the latitude, longitude, and altitude coordinates of each measurement be known and 
  specified to an accuracy of 1000\,m in the horizontal plane and 250\,m in the vertical 
  direction, and
  \item that the magnetic field of the satellite be such that its contribution to the field at the 
  magnetometer sensor be small and consistent with the absolute accuracy specified above.
\end{compactenum}

\subsection*{Resolution No.28 (1963):  Filling the gaps in a preliminary network of stations} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.28 (1963):  Filling the gaps in a preliminary network of stations} 
The IUGG, {\bf considering} the importance of better understanding of the distribution in time of the onset 
of magnetic storms at the Earth's surface, and {\bf noting} that the IAGA has chosen a preliminary network
of stations having equipment with necessary precision and time control covering as far as 
possible all the regions of the ARh (8 in polar regions, 7 in middle latitudes and 4 in equatorial 
regions) and {\bf noting} further the need to fill the gaps still existing in this preliminary network of stations 
with the necessary equipment:

\begin{compactenum}[(a)]
  \item {\bf invites} the collaboration of Reykjavik Observatory,
  \item {\bf recommends} the installation of a permanent station in the region of Great Whale, Canada, and
  \item {\bf would appreciate} the installation of quick-run equipment at Trelew, Zaria and Addis Ababa. 
\end{compactenum}

 
\subsection*{Resolution No.29 (1963):  Magnetic observations on islands in the Southern hemisphere}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.29 (1963):  Magnetic observations on islands in the Southern hemisphere}
The IUGG, {\bf considering} the difficulties for Sq-studies in the Southern Hemisphere, {\bf recommends} to
the National Committees responsible for magnetic observations in islands of middle and tropical 
latitudes in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, the installation or reactivation of magnetic 
observatories in these regions, at least during the IQSY period. 
 
\subsection*{Resolution No.30 (1963):  Regular operation at La Karavia Magnetic Observatory}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Resolution No.30 (1963):  Regular operation at La Karavia Magnetic Observatory}
The IUGG {\bf notes} with concern the breaks in the activities of the magnetic station at La Karavia 
(Elizabethville), which is of such a great importance in the African network of magnetic stations, and 
{\bf wishes} that all possible effort be made in order that this observatory can resume its regular 
operation. 

\end{document}
 
